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Medicine > Anatomy of Genitourinary and Renal Systems > Flashcards

Anatomy of Genitourinary and Renal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Oblique passageway through muscles of anterior abdominal wall lying superior to medial half of inguinal ligament

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2
Q

Inguinal canal pathway

A

Starts at transversalis fascia (deep inguinal ring - an aperture in the transversalis fascia) deep and laterally
Finishes at external oblique aponeurosis (superficial inguinal ring - an aperture in the external oblique aponeurosis) superficially and medially

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3
Q

How long is the inguinal canal in adults?

A

Approx 5cm

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4
Q

Anterior border of inguinal canal

A

External oblique aponeurosis
Laterally only: internal oblique aponeurosis

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5
Q

Posterior border of inguinal canal

A

Transversalis fascia
Medially only: aponeurosis of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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6
Q

Roof of inguinal canal

A

Transversalis fascia
Fibres of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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7
Q

Floor of inguinal canal

A

Inguinal ligament

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8
Q

What is the inguinal ligament made up of?

A

Rolled up lower border of external oblique aponeurosis

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9
Q

Contents of inguinal canal in females

A

1) Round ligament of the uterus
2) Ilioinguinal nerve
3) Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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10
Q

In males, contents of inguinal canal are all contained within the …….. except from the …….. which runs in the canal but outside the ……

A

Spermatic cord
Ilioinguinal nerve
Spermatic cord

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11
Q

Contents of spermatic cord

A

2 nerves (genital branch of genitofemoral nerve and sympathetic nerve fibres)

3 arteries (testicular, cremasteric and artery to vas deferens)

3 fascial layers (external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle and fascia, internal spermatic fascia)

4 other structures (pampiniform venous plexus, lymphatics, vas deferens, processus vaginalis)

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12
Q

Derivatives of the 3 fascial layers of the spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia derived from external oblique aponeurosis

Cremaster muscle and fascia derived from internal oblique muscle

Internal spermatic fascia derived from transversalis fascia

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13
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

Evagination of peritoneum found in the spermatic cord

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14
Q

An inguinal hernia is…

A

Protrusion of abdominal contents through anterior abdominal wall into the inguinal canal

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15
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia

A

-Intra-abdominal contents forced through deep inguinal ring and into canal

-May even also be forced through superficial inguinal ring

-More common than direct

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16
Q

Direct inguinal hernia

A

-Intra-abdominal contents forced through posterior of inguinal canal directly through superficial inguinal ring

-Herniated content won’t pass through deep ring

-Less common but easier to reduce

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17
Q

Difference between other skin and scrotum skin

A

Scrotum skin is thin, wrinkled and more darkly pigmented

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18
Q

Between skin of scrotum is…

A

Thin layer of superficial fascia
Dartos (thin, involuntary muscle)

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19
Q

What separates the 2 testicles?

A

Extension of the superficial fascia forms a septum between the 2

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20
Q

What covers the testes?

A

The same 3 fascial layers covering the spermatic cord
External spermatic fascia, cremaster and internal spermatic fascia

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21
Q

Testes are partially covered by a sac derived from the peritoneum called…

A

The tunica vaginalis

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22
Q

The epididymis is a coiled tube laying on what border of each testis?

A

Posterior border

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23
Q

Where are spermatozoa formed and stored?

A

Formed in the testis
Stored in the epididymis

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24
Q

What carries sperm from epididymis?

A

Vas deferens

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25
Q

Testicular arteries are direct branches from…

A

The abdominal aorta

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26
Q

Venous blood from the testis and epididymis enter the… which forms the ….

A

pampiniform venous plexus
testicular veins

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27
Q

The right testicular vein enters the….

A

IVC

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28
Q

The left testicular vein enters the…

A

Left renal vein

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29
Q

3 cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis

A

2 corpora cavernosa found dorsally (along top of penis)

1 corpus spongiosum found ventrally (along bottom of penis)

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30
Q

The corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa are enclosed within the deep fascia of the penis called…

A

Buck’s fascia

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31
Q

End of penis is called …. which is an expansion of …

A

Glans
Corpus spongiosum

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32
Q

Penile urethra is found within the…

A

Corpus spongiosum

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33
Q

Urethra approaches the end of the penis and opens via…

A

The external urethral meatus

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34
Q

Arterial supply to penis via … which branch from …. which themselves branch from ….

A

Penile arteries branch from the internal pudendal arteries which themselves branch from the internal iliac arteries

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35
Q

Nerve supply to penis

A

S2-S4

Sensation and sympathetic via dorsal nerve of the penis which is a branch of the pudendal nerve

Parasympathetic from peri-prostatic nerve plexus (causes erection by dilating arteries of corpora)

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36
Q

What is primarily responsible for penis rigidity and increased size during an erection?

A

Corpora cavernosa filling with blood due to increased arterial blood flow (spongiosum also fills with blood but not to same extent)

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37
Q

Main role of corpus spongiosum during erection

A

Prevent urethral compression (would prevent ejaculation)

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38
Q

Each adrenal gland is supplied by 3 arteries

A

Superior adrenal artery - branch of inferior phrenic artery

Middle adrenal artery - branch of abdominal aorta

Inferior adrenal artery - branch of renal artery

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39
Q

Drainage of right and left adrenal glands

A

Right adrenal vein drains directly into the IVC

Left adrenal vein drains into left renal vein which then joins the IVC

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40
Q

2 sections of the adrenal glands and what they produce

A

Cortex - steroid hormones including cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone

Medulla - adrenaline

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41
Q

Kidneys are either side of what vertebrae?

A

Upper lumbar

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42
Q

Each kidney is embedded by

A

Perinephric which is covered by a renal fascia
Paranephric fat is found outside renal fascia

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43
Q

What is found at the renal hilum of each kidney?

A

Renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics, ureter

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44
Q

Left and right renal arteries are branches of…

A

The abdominal aorta

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45
Q

Left and right renal veins drain directly into…

A

IVC

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46
Q

Collecting ducts travel down the renal pyramid to the…

A

Renal papilla where it enters the minor calyx and flows into a major calyx into the renal pelvis and into the ureter

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47
Q

Ureters carry urine from… to ….

A

Kidneys to urinary bladder

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48
Q

Path of the ureters

A

Run anterior to psoas major on the posterior abdominal wall and cross the pelvic brim to enter the pelvis

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49
Q

Ureters enter the bladder from…

A

The inferomedial aspect

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50
Q

Ureters are narrow tubes with muscular walls which transport urine by…

A

Peristalsis

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51
Q

Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4 (with contribution from T12)

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52
Q

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric (branches of lumbar plexus) supply…

A

Anterior abdominal walls muscles and skin of external genitalia

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53
Q

Genitofemoral nerve (branch of lumbar plexus) supplies…

A

Skin of external genitalia

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54
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (branch of lumbar plexus) supplies…

A

Skin over lateral thigh

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55
Q

Femoral nerve (branch of lumbar plexus) supplies…

A

Muscles and skin of anterior thigh

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56
Q

Oburator nerve (branch of lumbar plexus) supplies…

A

Muscles and skin of medial thigh

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57
Q

Thoracic aorta pierces diaphragm at …. descending through the diaphragm as abdominal aorta

A

Level of T12

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58
Q

Abdominal aorta terminates by birfurcating into ….. and ….. at level of ….

A

Left and right common iliac arteries at approx level of L4

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59
Q

Abdominal aorta and IVC relative positions

A

Abdominal aorta just left of midline
IVC just right of midline

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60
Q

Paired branches of abdominal aorta (4)

A

Renal
Adrenal
Gonadal
Lumbar arteries

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61
Q

Unpaired branches of abdominal aorta (3)

A

Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

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62
Q

Bony pelvis functions

A

Supporting spine, torso, upper body
Locomotion
Housing/protecting abdominal viscera

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63
Q

3 bones of the bony pelvis

A

Sacrum
Left and right hip bones

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64
Q

3 smaller, fused bones comprising each hip bone

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

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65
Q

Hip joint of pelvis is between…

A

Head of femur and acetabulum (socket of pelvis)

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66
Q

Sacroiliac joint of pelvis

A

Between sacrum and the ilium of hip bone

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67
Q

Pubic symphysis of pelvis

A

Between 2 pubic bones

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68
Q

Lumbosacral joint

A

Between 5th lumbar vertebrae and sacrum

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69
Q

Sacrococcygeal joint

A

Between sacrum and coccyx

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70
Q

Palpating iliac crest

A

The posterior iliac crest is the highest point which can be palpated between level of L4-L5

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71
Q

Palpating the anterior superior iliac spine

A

Most anterior point of the ilium in most people

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72
Q

Palpating the iliac tubercles

A

Most lateral point of the ilium
Intertubercular line delineates the hypogastric from the umbilical region (lower from middle 1/3 of abdomen)

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73
Q

Palpating pubic tubercle

A

Most medial part of pubic bone

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74
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament run?
What does it border the floor of?

A

From the ASIS to pubic tubercle
Bordering floor of inguinal canal

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75
Q

Mid-inguinal point

A

Halfway point between ASIS and pubic tubercle

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76
Q

What does McBurney’s point mark?

A

Approximate location of base of appendix

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77
Q

3 differences between male and female pelvis

A

Wider circular pelvic inlet in females (for childbirth), narrower heart-shaped in males

Wider and shorter sacrum in females

Obtuse (>90) angle formed by inferior pubic rami in females, acute (<90) angle in males

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78
Q

5 key branches of the internal iliac arteries

A

Vesical arteries

Uterine and vaginal arteries

Middle rectal artery

Internal pudendal artery

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

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79
Q

Organs housed by the pelvis

A

Rectum
Bladder
Uterus (F)
Ovaries (F)
Vagina (F)
Prostate (M)
Seminal Vesicles (M)

80
Q

Arterial supply to pelvis

A

Left and right internal iliac arteries (give rise to several branches that supply pelvic viscera)

81
Q

What do the vesical arteries (branch of internal iliac) supply?

A

Bladder in both sexes
Prostate and seminal gland in males

82
Q

What does the middle rectal artery (branch of internal iliac) supply?

A

Rectum

83
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery (branch of internal iliac) supply?

A

Exits pelvis to supply perineum

84
Q

What do the superior and inferior gluteal arteries (branch of internal iliac) supply?

A

Exits pelvis to supply gluteal region

85
Q

Drainage of the pelvis

A

By several venous plexuses which unite and mostly drain into the internal iliac vein

86
Q

4 key nerves arising from the sacral plexus

A

Sciatic nerve

Pudendal nerve

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

87
Q

Sciatic nerve formed by…

A

L4-S3 exiting pelvis to supply lower limb

88
Q

Pudendal nerve formed by…

A

S2-S4 (somatic) exiting pelvis and is major nerve of perineum

89
Q

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves innervate…

A

Gluteal region

90
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves formed by…

A

S2-S4 (parasympathetic) supplying pelvic viscera

91
Q

3 functions of the pelvic floor (collective name for several muscles)

A

1) Prevent herniation of pelvic organs inferiorly

2) Control continence by providing a sphincter on urethra and rectum respectively

3) Aid increased intra-abdominal pressure

92
Q

2 main muscles of the pelvic floor

A

Levator ani
Coccygeus

93
Q

Levator ani comprised of 3 smaller paired muscles

A

1) Puborectalis
2) Pubococcygeus
3) Iliococcygeus

94
Q

Puborectalis role

A

U-shaped muscle attaching to pubic bones anteriorly forming a sling around the rectum
Creates a sharp angle between rectum and anal canal preventing defecation
When it relaxes, the path straightens
Contributes to micturition in a similar way

95
Q

Pubococcygeus position and attachments

A

Lies posterior and lateral to puborectalis attaching to pubic bone anteriorly and coccyx and sacrum posteriorly

96
Q

Iliococcygeus attachment and position

A

Lateral to pubococcygeus attaching to the spines of the ischium and the coccyx

97
Q

Innervation of levator ani

A

Branch of S4 nerve and some branches of pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

98
Q

Where is the perineum found?

A

Immediately superficial and inferior to pelvic floor
It’s the superficial region between pubic symphysis and coccyx, and between the medial surfaces of the thighs

99
Q

Viewed from below, the perineum is roughly diamond shaped and can be divided into 2 triangles…

A

Anal triangle (posteriorly) - contains opening of anus and anal sphincter

Urogenital triangle (anteriorly) - 5 layers

100
Q

5 layers of urogenital triangle

A

Skin - Urethra and vagina open through skin

Perineal fascia - Continuation of fascia overlying abdominal wall muscles

Superficial perineal pouch - Potential space containing erectile tissue of penis/clitoris and 3 muscles

Perineal membrane - Fibrous membrane providing attachment to ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus. Has holes in it for urethra and vagina

Deep perineal pouch - Space between perineal membrane and pelvic floor muscles. Contains parts of vagina, urethra and external urethral sphincter

101
Q

3 muscles found in the superficial perineal pouch (potential space)

A

Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles

102
Q

What sits between the 2 triangles of the perineum?

A

The perineal body - Dense mass of fibrous tissue and muscles sitting in middle of perineum acting as an attachment for most perineal and pelvic floor muscles

103
Q

What is contained within the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Part of urogenital triangle containing most of erectile tissue that unites to form the clitoris/penis and the muscles overlying them

104
Q

Path of corpora cavernosa to converge on the midline

A

They’re symmetrical and run along the ischial rami bilaterally to converge in the midline

105
Q

Parts of the corpora cavernosa attached to the ischial ramus are called…

A

crura

106
Q

Males have an expanded proximal corpus spongiosum called…

A

The bulb of the penis which rests on the perineal membrane

107
Q

Make up of the corpus spongiosum in females

A

Splits in 2 parts that flank the vaginal opening
Also rest on perineal membrane either side of vaginal opening
These parts of the corpus spongiosum are the bulb of vestibule (bulb of clitoris)

108
Q

Which muscle covers the corpora cavernosa?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscles

109
Q

Which muscle covers the corpus spongiosum?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

110
Q

Role of ischiocavernosus muscle

A

Stabilise elect penis/clitoris

111
Q

Role of bulbospongiosus muscle in males

A

Assists in maintaining erection by compressing veins draining erectile tissues and contracts to squeeze any remaining urine/semen from urethra

112
Q

Role of bulbospongiosus in females

A

Maintain clitoral erection and constricts around vaginal orifice which can help expression of fluid from greater vestibular glands

113
Q

Arterial supply to perineum is via…

A

The internal pudendal artery (branch of internal iliac artery)

114
Q

The main nerve in the perineum is the pudendal nerve (S2-S4). What does it innervate?

A

Muscles in perineum and skin of external genitalia

115
Q

How does the internal pudendal artery enter the pelvis?

A

Through the lesser sciatic foramen

116
Q

How does the pudendal nerve enter the pelvis?

A

Through the greater sciatic foramen

117
Q

What is the only part of the internal pelvis not supplied by the internal iliac artery?

A

Gonads supplied by the gonadal arteries which come directly from the aorta

118
Q

What divides the 2 triangles of the perineum?

A

The ischial tuberositys

119
Q

Urachus

A

Remnant of a channel between the bladder and the umbilicus

120
Q

Male reproductive organs (8)

A

Testes
Epididymides
Vasa deferentia
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
Bulbo-urethral glands
Prostate glands
Penis

121
Q

Vas deferens path

A

Carries sperm from epididymis up spermatic cord through inguinal canal into pelvis. From deep inguinal ring, passes across side wall of pelvis, medially onto back of bladder.
Here it has a dilated portion (ampulla) which lies medial to seminal vesicle
Terminates by joining the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

122
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Each 4cm long lying lateral to ampulla of vas deferens
Secrete thick alkaline fluid forming bulk of semen
Duct of seminal vesicle joins vas deferens becoming ejaculatory duct which pierces back of prostate to enter prostatic urethra

123
Q

Prostate

A

Walnut sized
Lies against neck of bladder
Pierced by urethra and ejaculatory ducts
Secretions of prostate added to seminal fluid during ejaculation

124
Q

Prostate, seminal vesicle and vas deferens all supplied by…

A

Internal iliac artery

125
Q

Female pelvis contains

A

Uterus, cervix, vagina, uterine tubes and ovaries

126
Q

Uterus length

A

About 8cm

127
Q

Uterus has 3 parts…

A

Fundus (above uterine tubes)
Body
Cervix

128
Q

Body of uterus typically angled…
And lies on…

A

Anteriorly
Superior surface of bladder

129
Q

Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)

A

Behind uterus, anterior to rectum (lined with peritoneum)
Deepest point in peritoneal cavity (makes it common accumulation site of intraperitoneal fluid/pus)

130
Q

If conception occurs, developing blastocyst implants into…

A

The uterine lining (endometrium) in the body of the uterus

131
Q

Which layer of the uterus becomes distended if pregnancy continues?

A

The middle, muscular layer (myometrium)

132
Q

Uterus covered in fold of peritoneum which adheres to itself at sides of uterus to form…

A

The broad ligament (attaches uterus to lateral pelvic sidewalls)

133
Q

Cervix interacts with the uterine cavity via the…
And with the vagina via the…

A

Internal os
External os

134
Q

Lower cervix lies inside the vagina creating a recess around the cervix called..

A

The vaginal fornices

135
Q

Cervix stabilised by…

A

Tone of levator ani muscle

136
Q

Role of fallopian (uterine) tubes

A

Site of fertilisation
Carry ova from ovary to uterine cavity

137
Q

Uterine tubes found running in the upper border of…

A

The broad ligament

138
Q

Free edge of infundibulum (of fallopian tube) is broken up into…

A

Finger-like projections called fimbriae which are draped over the ovary

139
Q

Ovary dimensions

A

4cm x 2cm

139
Q

Ovary dimensions

A

4cm x 2cm

140
Q

How are the ovaries attached to the broad ligament?

A

Attached to posterior aspect of broad ligament by a short mesentery (mesovarium)

141
Q

Vagina length

A

About 10cm

142
Q

Introitus

A

External opening of vaginal canal
Opens into vestibule (between the 2 labia minora)

143
Q

Upper 2/3 of vagina lie in…
Lower 1/3 lies in…

A

Pelvic cavity
Perineum

144
Q

Female urethra often embedded in…

A

Lower 1/3 of vagina

145
Q

Female pelvic organ blood supply

A

Internal iliac artery supplies: Uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, vagina

Ovarian arteries supply: Ovary and contributes to fallopian tube blood supply

146
Q

What is the ovarian artery a branch of?

A

Direct branch of abdominal aorta

147
Q

What is the vulva?

A

Collective name for all parts of external female genitalia

148
Q

Blood supply to vulva

A

Internal pudendal arteries

149
Q

Internal pudendal arteries are branches of…

A

Internal iliac arteries

150
Q

Innervation to vulva via 4 nerves…

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Pudendal nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

151
Q

Mons pubis (female)

A

Mound of fatty tissue located in front of pubic symphysis causing elevation of hair-bearing skin (labia majora)

152
Q

Labia majora (female)

A

Prominent hair-bearing folds of skin

153
Q

Labia minora (female)

A

Smaller, hairless folds of skin located medial to labia majora
Form boundaries of vestibule

154
Q

Anterior fusion of labia minors forms…

A

Hood of the clitoris

155
Q

Clitoris

A

Comprises corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
Becomes engorged during sexual arousal

156
Q

Vestibule of vagina

A

Space bordered by labia minora containing vaginal opening, urinary meatus and vestibular glands

157
Q

Hymen

A

Thin membrane partially covering vaginal opening
Often ruptures during first episode of sexual intercourse / use of tampon

158
Q

What is the urinary meatus?

A

External opening of urethra

159
Q

The vestibular glands of the vulva

A

Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) - just posterior to vaginal opening secreting lubricant into vagina during sexual arousal

Lesser vestibular glands (Skene’s glands) - lie near urethral opening. Fluid secretion

160
Q

urinary bladder located in pelvis below the peritoneum making it…

A

An infra-peritoneal organ

161
Q

Relative position of urinary bladder

A

Posterior to pubic symphysis
Anterior to vagina and rectum

162
Q

Blood supply of urinary bladder

A

Vesicle arteries (which are branches of internal iliac artery)

163
Q

Drainage of urinary bladder

A

vesicle veins which drain into internal iliac veins

164
Q

In an adult, urinary bladder can accommodate up to…

A

400-600ml urine

165
Q

Where do ureters drain into bladder?

A

Posterior aspect

166
Q

What prevents backflow of urine into ureters when bladder is flow

A

Rudimentary valve (formed because ureters enter the trigone of the bladder at an angle)

167
Q

Bladder trigone

A

Triangular shaped region at base of bladder

168
Q

The detrusor

A

Smooth muscle in bladder wall which contracts to forcibly expel urine

169
Q

Composition of internal bladder wall

A

Corrugated with folds of mucosa called RUGGAE allowing bladder to stretch when it fills

170
Q

2 sphincters controlled urine release

A

Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

171
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Located at base of bladder where it opens into urethra
Smooth muscle, involuntary control

172
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

Located just after prostate in males and in deep perineal pouch in females
Skeletal muscle, voluntary control

173
Q

Somatic innervation of urinary bladder and urethral sphincters

A

Branches of pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
Allows conscious control of external urethral sphincter

174
Q

Sympathetic innervation of urinary bladder and urethral sphincters

A

Branches of hypogastric nerve (T12-L2)
Relaxation of detrusor and contraction of internal urethral sphincter (urine storage)

175
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of urinary bladder and urethral sphincters

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
Contraction of detrusor, relaxation of internal urethral sphincter (micturition)

176
Q

2 ends of the urethra named…

A

Internal and external urethral orifices

177
Q

4 parts of male urethra

A

Preprostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Penile

178
Q

Length of female urethra

A

3-4cm

179
Q

Sacral micturition centre found in the…

A

sacral spinal cord

180
Q

Bladder stretch reflex

A

Bladder fills -> stretch detected sent to sacral spinal cord via visceral afferent fibres.

Here, they synapse directly onto motor neurons

The motor neurons (via parasympathetic fibres in the pelvic splanchnic nerves) stimulate bladder contraction

181
Q

How is the bladder stretch reflex inhibited in adults and older children?

A

Inputs from cerebral cortex
They can detect bladder filling and consciously control when to urinate (achieved through ‘potty-training’)

182
Q

2 flexures of the rectum

A

Anterior curve (sacral flexure)
Posterior curve (anorectal flexure)

183
Q

Rectum length in adults

A

About 12cm

184
Q

Anal canal length

A

About 4cm

185
Q

Anal canal position

A

Found in the anal triangle of the perineum

186
Q

2 anal sphincters controlling defecation

A

Internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle, involuntary

External anal sphincter - skeletal muscle, voluntary

187
Q

Pectinate line divides…

A

Superior part of anal canal (derived from endoderm) from inferior part (derived from ectoderm)

188
Q

Blood supply to superior part of anal canal

A

Part of hindgut so is supplied by the IMA (via the superior rectal artery)

189
Q

Blood supply to inferior part of anal canal

A

Middle and inferior rectal arteries which originate from internal iliac

190
Q

Drainage of superior part of anal canal

A

Via portal system towards liver

191
Q

Internal anal sphincter innervated by…

A

Sympathetic fibres (originating from sympathetic trunk)
Parasympathetic fibres (via pelvic splanchnic nerves)

192
Q

Drainage of inferior anal canal

A

Enters systemic system (doesn’t enter portal system)

193
Q

External anal sphincter innervated by…

A

Pudendal nerve

194
Q

Internal anal sphincter encircles…
External anal sphincter encircles…

A

Superior anal canal
Inferior anal canal

195
Q

Haemorrhoids

A

Abundance of veins that form cushions lining the walls of the anal canal

196
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Modified muscular layer of afferent arteriole at hilum of glomerulus

Contains juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

Cells contain less actin/myosin but many granules containing renin (cells act as baroreceptors to change in BP)

Low BP -> less distended walls -> renin release

Medicine (14 decks)

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