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Advanced Pathophysiology N5315 > Neuro A&P > Flashcards

Neuro A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Astrocytes

A

fill the spaces between neurons and surrounding blood vessels.
-part of the blood brain barrier
-provide rapid transport of nutrients
-scar formation
-seizures

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2
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

form myelin sheath of the brain and spinal cord
-myelin is white “white matter”
-neurons are grey “grey matter”

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3
Q

Microglia

A

tissue macrophages in the CNS

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4
Q

Ependymal

A

cells that line the ventricles of the brain and choroid plexuses
-production of CSF

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5
Q

Schwann Cells

A

formation of myelin sheath in the PNS
-metabolic support
-salutatory conduction

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6
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons
CNS–> body

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7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent Neurons
body –> CNS

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8
Q

Chemical synapses

A

only work in one direction
-neuron communication

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9
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory
located in skeletal muscle (excitatory) brain, spinal cord and heart (inhibitory)

-deactivated by acetylcholinesterase

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10
Q

Monoamines

A

synthesizes from amino acids
include: histamine, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
–> found in various parts of the brain affect learning, emotions and motor control

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11
Q

Dopamine Neurotransmitter

A

monoamine
-deficiency in dopamine leads to Parkinson’s disease

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12
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Neurotransmitters

A

motor control and sympathetic pathways
fight/flight

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13
Q

Glutamate neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate amino acid
-located in brain and spinal cord
-excitatory effects
-drugs that block glutamate treat Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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14
Q

GABA neurotransmitter

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (amino acid)
-located in CNS
-mainly inhibitory
-drugs that increase GABA are used to treat seizures

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15
Q

Glycine neurotransmitter

A

amino acid
-located in spinal cord
-inhibitory at the post synaptic membrane

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16
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

responsible for maintain communication between the right and left hemisphere

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary skeletal action contralaterally, communication (talking, writing) emotions, intellect, reasoning, judgement and behavior.

-personality
-Broca’s area –> expressive aphasia (responsible for speech)

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18
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

interprets tactile sensation
touch, pain, temperature, shapes and 2-point discrimination

-senses

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19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

ability to read with comprehension
primary visual center
-vision

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20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

interprets impulses from the ear
-hearing
-Wernicke’s Area
–> Wernicke’s aphasia
hard to understand and communicate

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21
Q

Basal ganglia

A

function: work with cerebellum to modify voluntary movements and have a role in cognition and emotions
-inhibitory effect of thalamus

structures: caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbent, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, claustrum, amygdala.

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22
Q

limbic system

A

between cerebrum and diencephalon

responsible for long term memory, primitive behavioral responses, visceral reactions to emotion, motivation, feeding behaviors, biological rhythm and sense of smell.

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23
Q

Pia Mater

A

covers the brain directly
-some arterial supply

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24
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

middle meninge and is avascular

25
Dura Mater
outer most meninge contains the venous system
26
subarachnoid space
has arteries and carries CSF
27
Subdural space
contains venous circulation subdural hematoma (venous blood)
28
Epidural space
has some intracranial arteries epidural hematoma (arterial blood)
29
Diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus: central relay point (screens and directs impulses to and from the cerebral cortex) Hypothalamus: regulates water balance, appetite, vital signs, sleep cycles, pain perception, emotional status and links the CNS to the endocrine system
30
Brain Stem
Midbrain, the pons, medulla, and reticular formation 10 cranial nerves --> brain stem
31
Midbrain
relay center for eye and ear reflexes cerebrum --- midbrain ---> pons, medulla, cerebellum and spinal cord
32
The Pons
reflex actions, participates in balance, breathing regulation and maintenance of posture
33
Medulla Oblongata
respiratory functions, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, gag and cough reflex
34
Reticular Formation
collection of nerves within the brain stem -viral reflexes such as cardiovascular and respiratory functions -responsible for wakefulness RAS (reticular activating system)
35
Cerebellum
behind brainstem -coordination, smoothing of voluntary movements, maintenance of equilibrium and maintenance of muscle tone.
36
CSF
supportive and protective cushion for CNS -found in subarachnoid space and within brain cavities and canals of the brain -Choroid plexus site of CSF secretion from blood 600 ml of CSF daily 150 in ventricles daily
37
Spinal Cord Vertebrae
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 fused sacral 4 fused coccygeal 33 total vertebral Vertebral disk between each vertebrae absorb shock and provide cushion disk can cause significant back problems spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to lumbar vertebrae and extends to cauda equina (bundle of nerves that extends from the end of the spinal cord)
38
Posterior/Dorsal Horns
made of sensory nerves carry afferent stimuli from the body *to* the brain specifically fine touch, vibration, and proprioception
39
Anterior/Ventral Horns
made of motor neurons and carry efferent stimuli *from* the brain to the body mainly controls skeletal muscle
40
Spinothalamic Tract
ascending (sensory) tract -anterior spinal thalamic tract -lateral spinal thalamic tract sensations of pain, temperature, crude and light touch to the thalamus sensations crossover immediately! deficits will be contralateral in this tract
41
Posterior Column
ascending (sensory) tract -fasciculus gracilis -fasciculus cuneatus tracts carries sensations of position, vibration, stereognosis and fine touch to the thalamus --> cerebral cortex crossover of impulses is high deficits, will be ipsilateral to a lesion (problem in the spinal cord) lesion in cerebral cortex --> deficit contralaterally (problem in the brain)
42
Pyramidal Tract
Descending (motor) tract -Corticospinal -Corticobulbar tract impulses from the brain are sent via this tract and control voluntary movements of purpose and skill impulses crossover at the spinal cord and brain stem defects in this tract will be contralateral upper motor neurons -motor neurons that are located above the synapses deficits result in spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, and the presence of a babinski reflex ex: ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis) lower motor neurons -motor neurons that are located below the synapse deficits manifest as: flaccid paralysis, muscular atrophy, fasciculations, fibrillations, or hyporeflexia ex: Poliomyelitis
43
Extrapyramidal Tract
Descending (motor) tract -rubrospinal tract -reticulospinal tract -tectospinal tract -vestibulospinal tract tract responsible for gross motor movements, automatic motor movements, facial expression, posture, muscle tone, speech, and swallowing crossover at the brain stem and spinal cord junction, deficits will manifest contralaterally ex: spastic increase in muscle tone, abnormal posture, involuntary movements, tremors, normal or increased DTR Ex: Parkinson's disease
44
Peripheral Nervous System
12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves 12 cranial nerves conduct motor and sensory impulses to and from the brain/brain stem 31 pairs of spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord -nerves that innervate particular parts of the skin are called dermatome -Somatic NS control voluntary muscles movements and all external sense organs (5 senses) -Autonomic NS consist of motor neurons that control internal organs (heart, smooth muscle, glands, uterus, intestine and bladder) ANS further divides to SNS and PSNS Sympathetic NS -fight or flight -excitatory function -increases energy and HR Parasympathetic NS -relaxation -conserves energy and slows HR
45
neural tube
forms at 3-4 weeks gestation forms entire nervous system caudal end --> brain
46
forebrain
forms at 2-3 months from neural tube
47
neuronal proliferation
3-5 months and synapses form at 5 months brain develops rapidly --> head fastest growing part of the body during infancy half of post-natal growth in 1st year 90% complete by 6 years greater cerebral O2 consumption
48
Myelin
formed in the post-natal period and takes many years to complete
49
Posterior Fontanels
close at 2-3 months
50
Anterior Fontanels
close at 18 months
51
reflexes present at birth
stepping ( 6 weeks) , moro (3 months), sucking, rooting (4 to 7 months), palmar grasp (6 months), and plantar grasp (10 months)
52
Tonic neck
2 months to 5 months
53
neck righting
4-6 months to 24 months
54
landau
3 months to 24 months
55
Parachute reaction
9 months for life
56
Structural changes associated with aging
Decreased brain weight and size (especially in the frontal lobes), fibrosis and thickening of the meninges, widening sulci and narrowing gyri, and increase in the size of the ventricles
57
Cellular changes associated with aging
include a decrease in the number of neurons, a decrease in the amount of myelin, decreased number of dendritic processes and synaptic connections, increased neuroinflammation, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, imbalance in neurotransmitters, declines in melatonin levels, and atrophy of the epithelial cells in the choroid plexus.
58
Cerebrovascular changes associated with aging
arteriosclerosis, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, decreased vascular density
59
Functional changes associated with aging
decreased deep tendon reflexes, skeletal muscle atrophy, progressive decrease in taste and smell, decreased vibratory sense, decreased color vision and accommodation, decreased control of gait and posture, sleep disturbances, and memory impairments.

Advanced Pathophysiology N5315 (18 decks)

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