Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Pathophysiology N5315 > Neuro A&P > Flashcards

Neuro A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Astrocytes

A

fill the spaces between neurons and surrounding blood vessels.
-part of the blood brain barrier
-provide rapid transport of nutrients
-scar formation
-seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

form myelin sheath of the brain and spinal cord
-myelin is white “white matter”
-neurons are grey “grey matter”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microglia

A

tissue macrophages in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ependymal

A

cells that line the ventricles of the brain and choroid plexuses
-production of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Schwann Cells

A

formation of myelin sheath in the PNS
-metabolic support
-salutatory conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons
CNS–> body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent Neurons
body –> CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical synapses

A

only work in one direction
-neuron communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory
located in skeletal muscle (excitatory) brain, spinal cord and heart (inhibitory)

-deactivated by acetylcholinesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Monoamines

A

synthesizes from amino acids
include: histamine, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
–> found in various parts of the brain affect learning, emotions and motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dopamine Neurotransmitter

A

monoamine
-deficiency in dopamine leads to Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Neurotransmitters

A

motor control and sympathetic pathways
fight/flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glutamate neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate amino acid
-located in brain and spinal cord
-excitatory effects
-drugs that block glutamate treat Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GABA neurotransmitter

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (amino acid)
-located in CNS
-mainly inhibitory
-drugs that increase GABA are used to treat seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glycine neurotransmitter

A

amino acid
-located in spinal cord
-inhibitory at the post synaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

responsible for maintain communication between the right and left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary skeletal action contralaterally, communication (talking, writing) emotions, intellect, reasoning, judgement and behavior.

-personality
-Broca’s area –> expressive aphasia (responsible for speech)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

interprets tactile sensation
touch, pain, temperature, shapes and 2-point discrimination

-senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

ability to read with comprehension
primary visual center
-vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

interprets impulses from the ear
-hearing
-Wernicke’s Area
–> Wernicke’s aphasia
hard to understand and communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Basal ganglia

A

function: work with cerebellum to modify voluntary movements and have a role in cognition and emotions
-inhibitory effect of thalamus

structures: caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbent, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, claustrum, amygdala.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

limbic system

A

between cerebrum and diencephalon

responsible for long term memory, primitive behavioral responses, visceral reactions to emotion, motivation, feeding behaviors, biological rhythm and sense of smell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pia Mater

A

covers the brain directly
-some arterial supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

middle meninge and is avascular

25
Q

Dura Mater

A

outer most meninge contains the venous system

26
Q

subarachnoid space

A

has arteries and carries CSF

27
Q

Subdural space

A

contains venous circulation
subdural hematoma (venous blood)

28
Q

Epidural space

A

has some intracranial arteries
epidural hematoma (arterial blood)

29
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

Thalamus: central relay point (screens and directs impulses to and from the cerebral cortex)

Hypothalamus: regulates water balance, appetite, vital signs, sleep cycles, pain perception, emotional status and links the CNS to the endocrine system

30
Q

Brain Stem

A

Midbrain, the pons, medulla, and reticular formation
10 cranial nerves –> brain stem

31
Q

Midbrain

A

relay center for eye and ear reflexes

cerebrum — midbrain —> pons, medulla, cerebellum and spinal cord

32
Q

The Pons

A

reflex actions, participates in balance, breathing regulation and maintenance of posture

33
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

respiratory functions, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, gag and cough reflex

34
Q

Reticular Formation

A

collection of nerves within the brain stem
-viral reflexes such as cardiovascular and respiratory functions
-responsible for wakefulness
RAS (reticular activating system)

35
Q

Cerebellum

A

behind brainstem
-coordination, smoothing of voluntary movements, maintenance of equilibrium and maintenance of muscle tone.

36
Q

CSF

A

supportive and protective cushion for CNS
-found in subarachnoid space and within brain cavities and canals of the brain

-Choroid plexus site of CSF secretion from blood

600 ml of CSF daily

150 in ventricles daily

37
Q

Spinal Cord Vertebrae

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
4 fused coccygeal

33 total vertebral

Vertebral disk between each vertebrae absorb shock and provide cushion

disk can cause significant back problems

spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to lumbar vertebrae and extends to cauda equina (bundle of nerves that extends from the end of the spinal cord)

38
Q

Posterior/Dorsal Horns

A

made of sensory nerves carry afferent stimuli from the body to the brain

specifically fine touch, vibration, and proprioception

39
Q

Anterior/Ventral Horns

A

made of motor neurons and carry efferent stimuli from the brain to the body

mainly controls skeletal muscle

40
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A

ascending (sensory) tract
-anterior spinal thalamic tract
-lateral spinal thalamic tract
sensations of pain, temperature, crude and light touch to the thalamus

sensations crossover immediately!
deficits will be contralateral in this tract

41
Q

Posterior Column

A

ascending (sensory) tract
-fasciculus gracilis
-fasciculus cuneatus tracts
carries sensations of position, vibration, stereognosis and fine touch to the thalamus –> cerebral cortex

crossover of impulses is high deficits, will be ipsilateral to a lesion (problem in the spinal cord)

lesion in cerebral cortex –> deficit contralaterally (problem in the brain)

42
Q

Pyramidal Tract

A

Descending (motor) tract
-Corticospinal
-Corticobulbar tract
impulses from the brain are sent via this tract and control voluntary movements of purpose and skill

impulses crossover at the spinal cord and brain stem defects in this tract will be contralateral

upper motor neurons
-motor neurons that are located above the synapses
deficits result in spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, and the presence of a babinski reflex

ex: ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis)

lower motor neurons
-motor neurons that are located below the synapse
deficits manifest as: flaccid paralysis, muscular atrophy, fasciculations, fibrillations, or hyporeflexia

ex: Poliomyelitis

43
Q

Extrapyramidal Tract

A

Descending (motor) tract
-rubrospinal tract
-reticulospinal tract
-tectospinal tract
-vestibulospinal tract

tract responsible for gross motor movements, automatic motor movements, facial expression, posture, muscle tone, speech, and swallowing

crossover at the brain stem and spinal cord junction, deficits will manifest contralaterally

ex: spastic increase in muscle tone, abnormal posture, involuntary movements, tremors, normal or increased DTR

Ex: Parkinson’s disease

44
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves

12 cranial nerves conduct motor and sensory impulses to and from the brain/brain stem

31 pairs of spinal nerves
carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

-nerves that innervate particular parts of the skin are called dermatome

-Somatic NS control voluntary muscles movements and all external sense organs (5 senses)

-Autonomic NS consist of motor neurons that control internal organs (heart, smooth muscle, glands, uterus, intestine and bladder)

ANS further divides to SNS and PSNS

Sympathetic NS
-fight or flight
-excitatory function
-increases energy and HR

Parasympathetic NS
-relaxation
-conserves energy and slows HR

45
Q

neural tube

A

forms at 3-4 weeks gestation

forms entire nervous system

caudal end –> brain

46
Q

forebrain

A

forms at 2-3 months from neural tube

47
Q

neuronal proliferation

A

3-5 months and synapses form at 5 months

brain develops rapidly –> head fastest growing part of the body during infancy

half of post-natal growth in 1st year

90% complete by 6 years

greater cerebral O2 consumption

48
Q

Myelin

A

formed in the post-natal period and takes many years to complete

49
Q

Posterior Fontanels

A

close at 2-3 months

50
Q

Anterior Fontanels

A

close at 18 months

51
Q

reflexes present at birth

A

stepping ( 6 weeks) , moro (3 months), sucking, rooting (4 to 7 months), palmar grasp (6 months), and plantar grasp (10 months)

52
Q

Tonic neck

A

2 months to 5 months

53
Q

neck righting

A

4-6 months to 24 months

54
Q

landau

A

3 months to 24 months

55
Q

Parachute reaction

A

9 months for life

56
Q

Structural changes associated with aging

A

Decreased brain weight and size (especially in the frontal lobes), fibrosis and thickening of the meninges, widening sulci and narrowing gyri, and increase in the size of the ventricles

57
Q

Cellular changes associated with aging

A

include a decrease in the number of neurons, a decrease in the amount of myelin, decreased number of dendritic processes and synaptic connections, increased neuroinflammation, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, imbalance in neurotransmitters, declines in melatonin levels, and atrophy of the epithelial cells in the choroid plexus.

58
Q

Cerebrovascular changes associated with aging

A

arteriosclerosis, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, decreased vascular density

59
Q

Functional changes associated with aging

A

decreased deep tendon reflexes, skeletal muscle atrophy, progressive decrease in taste and smell, decreased vibratory sense, decreased color vision and accommodation, decreased control of gait and posture, sleep disturbances, and memory impairments.

Advanced Pathophysiology N5315 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions