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NRS G240 Exam #3 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What do neurons do?

A

nerve cells within the brain and spinal cord that receive sensory input and send motor commands to the body

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2
Q

What consists of the CNS? (2)

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What consists of the PNS? (3)

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ANS

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4
Q

Cerebrum lobes (4)

A

fronta;, parietal, temporal, occipital

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5
Q

function and location of frontal lobe

A
  • located in the front of the brain

- function: concentration, abstract though, memory, motor function

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6
Q

parietal lobe location and function

A
  • located posterior to frontal lobe

- Function: sensory perception

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7
Q

Temporal lobe location and function

A
  • inferior to frontal/parietal lobes

- function: auditory function, understanding of language and music

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8
Q

Occipital lobe location and function

A
  • posterior to parietal lobe

- function: visual interpretation and memory

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9
Q

Parts of brain stem (3)

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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10
Q

Midbrain location and function

A
  • connects pons and cerebellum

- auditory and visual reflexes

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11
Q

Pons location and function

A
  • in front of cerebellum between the midbrain and medulla
  • contains motor and sensory pathways
  • portions of the pons control respirations
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12
Q

Medulla oblongata function (2)

A
  • contains reflex centers for BP, respirations, HR, coughing, vomiting and swallowing
  • responsible for arousal and sleep-wake cycle
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13
Q

location and function of cerebellum

A
  • controls fine movement, balance and proprioception

- under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem

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14
Q

Spinal cord (connects w hat? composed of..protected by)

A
  • connects the brain to the periphery
  • composed of motor and sensory roots
  • protected by the vertebral column
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15
Q

cranial nerves (how many? Which are sensory? motor? both?)

A

-12 pairs
-3 are sensory
-5 motor
4 are both

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16
Q

3 sensory cranial nerves

A

I, II, VIII

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17
Q

5 motor cranial nerves

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

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18
Q

4 Sensory AND motor cranial nerves

A

V, VII, IX, X

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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20
Q

Spinal nerves (location and how many) 5

A
  • cervical –> 8
  • thoracic –> 12
  • Lumbar –> 5
  • sacral –> 5
  • coocygeal –> 1
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21
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

regulates the body’s unconscious actions and activities of internal organs

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22
Q

PNS parts

A

Sympathetic –> “fight or flight”

Parasympathetic –> “rest and digest”

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23
Q

Common Concerning Symptoms of the Nervous System (8)

A
  • HA
  • dizziness or vertigo
  • Generalized or focal weakness
  • numbness
  • abnormal or loss of sensations
  • loss of consciousness, syncope, or near-syncope
  • seizures
  • tremors or involuntary movements
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24
Q

In terms of LOC, what does Alert mean?

A

responds readily, but may be confused

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25
Q

In terms of LOC, what does lethargic mean?

A

drowsy, but can be aroused

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26
Q

In terms of LOC, what does obtunded mean?

A

difficult to arouse, cannot make a complete sentence, requires repeated stimulation

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27
Q

In terms of LOC, what does stuporous mean?

A

no verbal response, responds to pain by moving extremities

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28
Q

In terms of LOC, what does comatose mean?

A

no evidence of awareness

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29
Q

What does mental status assess?

A

appearance, behavior, grooming, personal hygiene

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30
Q

How to assess orientation

A
  • person
  • place
  • time
  • situation
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31
Q

What does the mini mental status exam screen for? How many points are there?

A
  • cognitive dysfunction or dementia

- 0-30 points

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32
Q

CN I…What is it? How to test

A
  • Olfactory

- have pt sell something with eyes closed and identify smell

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33
Q

CN II…What is it? How to test

A
  • Optic

- Snellen eye chart (visual acuity) and Visual fields (test peripheral vision)

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34
Q

CN III…What is it? How to test

A
  • Oculomotor
  • pupillary symmetry, constriction, accommodation
  • test using pen light
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35
Q

CN III abnormal

A

ptosis and strabismus

36
Q

CN IV… What is it? How to test?

A
  • trochlear

- bring finger toward pt nose and watch how eyes move

37
Q

Abnormal for CN IV

A

pt unable to look medially

38
Q

CN V…What is it? (motor + sensory)

A

-Trigeminal
Motor –> chewing, clenching jaw
Sensory –> facial sensation (touch, pain, temp)

39
Q

CN VI…What is it? how to test?

A
  • Abducens (eyeball movements)

- Follow the tip of a pen without moving head

40
Q

CN VII..What is it? (Sensory + motor).

A

Facial nerve

Motor –> facial expression
Sensory –> taste

41
Q

How to test CN VII (sensory and motor)

A

Motor –> raise eyebrows, smile, frown, puff out cheeks

sensory –> have pt taste something and describe it

42
Q

CN VIII…What is it? How to test

A
  • Acoustic (hearing)

- whisper test, differentiate sounds in right and left ear

43
Q

CN IX…what is it? (sensory + motor)

A
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • motor –> ability to swallow
  • Sensory –> gag reflex, taste on posterior tongue
44
Q

How to test CN IX? (sensory + motor)

A

Motor –> have pt say “ahhhh” to check soft palate elevation
sensory –> stroke right or left pharynx to promote gag reflex

45
Q

CN X…What is it? (motor and sensory)

A

-Vagus nerve
-motor –> ability to swallow
Sensory –> gag reflex

46
Q

How to test CN X..(sensory and motor)

A
  • Motor –> have pt say “ahhh”

- sensory –> stroke right or left pharynx to promote gag reflex

47
Q

CN XI…What is it? How to test

A
  • Accessory nerve –> movement of head and shoulders against resistance
  • have pt turn head from side to side and shrug shoulders. (check for symmetry)
48
Q

CN XII…What is it? How to test?

A
  • hypoglossal –> movement of tongue

- Have pt stick out tongue and move from side to side

49
Q

What is two point discrimination?

A

pt is touched with two sharp objects to see if they feel 2 spots or just one

50
Q

What is tactile identification?

A

Pt is given a common object with eyes closed and is asked to say what it is

51
Q

What is agnosia?

A

loss of ability to recognize objects through a particular sensory system (tactile, visual)

52
Q

What does bicep flexion test?

A

C5, C6

53
Q

What does biceps extension test

A

C6, C7, C8

54
Q

What does wrist flexion test

A

C6, C7, C8

55
Q

What does Wrist extension test

A

C5, C6

56
Q

What does Hand grip test

A

C7, C8, T1

57
Q

What does finger abduction test

A

C8, T1

58
Q

What does thumb opposition test

A

C8, T1

59
Q

What does hip flexion test

A

L2, L3, L4

60
Q

What does hip extension test

A

L5, S1

61
Q

What does hip adduction test

A

L2, L3, L4

62
Q

What does hip abduction test

A

L4, L5, S1

63
Q

What does knee flexion test

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

64
Q

What does knee extension test

A

L2, L3, L4

65
Q

What does dorsiflexion test

A

L4, L5

66
Q

What does plantar flexion test

A

S1, S2

67
Q

What does motor assessment assess? (4)

A
  • muscle appearance
  • muscle tone
  • muscle strength
  • done against resistance
68
Q

Grading of deep tendon reflexes

A 
\+4 --> hyperactive with clonuse
\+3 --> increased (hyperactive)
\+2 --> normal 
\+1 --> decreased (hypoactive)
0 --> no reflex
69
Q

What DTR may be absent in older adults and may not be of concern?

A

achilles

70
Q

How to test bicep reflex and what is tested?

A
  • strike bicep tendon over flexed elbow

- tests C5, C6

71
Q

How to test tricep reflex and what is tested?

A
  • Strike triceps tendon above the elbow with arm flexed and hanging freely
  • Tests C7, C8
72
Q

How to test bracioradialis reflex and what is tested?

A
  • Strike brachioradialis tendon 1-2 inches above the wrist with forearm resting on the lap
  • Tests C5, C6
73
Q

How to test patellar reflex and what is tested?

A
  • Strike the patellar tendon just below the patella with legs hanging
  • Tests L2, L3, L4
74
Q

How to test achilles reflex and what is tested?

A
  • Strike stretched achilles tendon

- Tests S1

75
Q

What deep tendon reflexes are tested? (5)

A
  • biceps
  • tricep
  • brachioradialis
  • patellar
  • achilles
76
Q

Which superficial reflexes are tested? (4)

A
  • corneal
  • gag
  • upper and lower abdominal
  • perianal
77
Q

Most common superficial reflexes that are tested (2)

A

gag and corneal

78
Q

How are superficial reflexes graded

A

+ or -

79
Q

How to test for corneal reflex

A

use a clean cotton swab and lightly touch the outer corner or each eye on the sclera –> if the pt blinks it is +

80
Q

How to test for gag reflex

A

touch back of pharynx with cotton tipped applicator -> + if pt “gags”

81
Q

What are pathologic reflexes?

A

emergence of previous reflexes that disappeared when venous system matured

82
Q

Name the 3 pathologic reflexes

A
  • babinski
  • sucking
  • palmar grasp reflex
83
Q

Cerebellar function tests (coordination and gait)

A
  • coordination –> rapid alternating movements, point-to-point test, heel-to-shin test
  • gait –> walk on heels and toes
84
Q

How to test for balance?

A

Romberg test, hopping in place, walk heel to toe

85
Q

What is the Romberg test?

A

-pt can be seated or stand with feet together first with eyes open then closed after 20 seconds (a loss of balance is abnormal and is considered a + Romberg test)

NRS G240 Exam #3 (11 decks)

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