Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 domains assessed in Child Development

A

Gross Motor
Fine Motor and Vision
Speech, Language and Hearing
Social Interaction and Self Care Skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a hallmark of UMN abnormality

A
  • Persistence of Primitive reflexes

- Lack of development of postural reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are gross motor development skills

A 
Newborn: Flexed arm and legs 
3 month: Lifts Head when on their Tummy
6 months: lift chest with arm support, rolls and sit unsupportive 
9 months: Pulls to stand 
1 year: walking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are fine, motor and vision skills

A 
4 months: grasp object using both hands 
8 months: take a cube in each hand 
12 months: pincer grip 
18 months: build a tower - 2 cubes
3 years build tower of 8 cubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the speech, language and hearing skills

A 
3 months: laughs and squeals
9 months: two syllable babble 'mama' 'dada'
12 months: 1 word
2 years: 2 word sentences
3 years: speech mainly understandable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the social/ self care skills

A 
6 weeks: smiles spontaneously 
6 months: finger feeds
9 months: waves bye-bye
12 months: uses spoon/fork
2 years: helps with dressing and plays with friend
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the healthy child programme snd what does it involve

A

Promotes healthy child development as well as eating and physical activity
ALSO
screens children for disease and disability

Involves growth and development checks:-

  • Neonatal exam
  • New Baby review (14 days)
  • Baby’s 6-8 week examination
  • Check at 1 year
  • Check between 2- 2 1/2 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are red flags gross motor

A

Not sitting by a year

Not walking by 18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are red flags fine motor

A

No hand preference by 18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are speech and language red flags

A

No clear words by 18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are social development red flags

A

Not smiling by 3 months
No response to carer interaction by 8 months
No interest in playing with peers by 3 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are other red flags in child development

A
  • Regression
  • Poor health/growth
  • Significant FHx
  • Safeguarding indicators
  • Findings on Examination e.g microcephaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are causes of delayed talking

A
  • Familial
  • Hearing Impairment
  • Environmental - deprivation/abuse
  • Neuropsychological - Autism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of Childhood Development Delay

A
  • Genetics: Chromosomal Disorders e.g Downs, Chromosomal disorders/deletions, single gene disorders e.g Duchennes
  • Factors in Pregnancy: congenital infections, exposure to drugs/alcohol, MCA infarct e.g cerebral palsy
  • Factors in Birth: prematurity, birth asphyxia
  • Factors in Childhood: infections, chronic ill health, metabolic conditions, acquired brain injury, hearing/vision impairment
  • Environmental Factors e.g abuse/neglect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the Ix for Development Delay

A
  • Developmental Exam and Hx
  • Creatine Kinase - boy’s not walking by 18mths - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Focal Neurological Signs - MRI
  • Dysmorphic Features
  • Unwell Child - metabolic Ix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is impairment

A

An abnormality or loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is disability

A

Someone who has a physical/mental impairment that results in marked limitation of activity
Disability is determined by there function, activity and ability to participate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What sort of impairments are there

A
  • Physical e.g Cerebral Palsy, brain injury, neuromuscular disorders
  • Sensory Impairment e.g hearing/visual
  • Learning e.g low IQ
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders e.g ADHD?Autism
    Emotional/Behavioural e.g depression conduct disorder, attachment disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a generic disability/ heath assessment

A

WHODAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 6 domains of functioning does WHODAS cover

A 
Cognition
Mobility 
Self- Care 
Social 
Life Activiites 
Participation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Williams Syndrome

A

Global Development Impairment Disorder:
Chromesome 7

Presentation:
Mental Retardation
Hyper sociability and Comfort with strangers 
Dysmorphic Features - Elfin Facies 
Visual Impairment 
Poor Growth 
Supravalvular Stenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is Williams Syndrome managed

A 
MDT: 
Physiotherapy 
SALT
Dieticians
Doctors 
Housing Support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy

A

Chronic Disorder of movement and posture due to a non progressive insult/lesion to the developing brain

24
Q

How does cerebral palsy present

A

Delayed motor Development
Evolving CNS signs
Learning Disability and Epilepsy

25
Q

What are the causes for Cerebral Palsy

A

Antenatal: TORCH infections, and cerebral malformation
Perinatal: Birth Asphyxia or Trauma, Prematurity
Postnatal: Intraventricular haemorrhage, meningitis, head trauma, neonatal Seizures

26
Q

What are the signs of Cerebral Palsy

A

Weakness or Paralysis
Delayed motor milestones
Abnormal Gait

Other non-motor signs: 
Seizures (35-50%)
Intellectual Disability (50%)
Language/Speech and Feeding Problems
Joint Contractures
27
Q

What are the 3 main types of cerebral palsy

A

Spastic cerebral palsy - hemiplegic, diplegia and quadraplegia spasticity

  • Dyskinetic - unwanted actions
  • Ataxia - tremor, lack of coordination
28
Q

How is Cerebral Palsy treated

A 
MDT: Physio and Occupational Therapists 
Orthopedic Surgery 
Continence, Sleep and Feeding 
Callipers may help patent stand and walk
Conductive education
Botulinum Toxin or Diazapam- Helps Spasticity
29
Q

How does hearing impatient present and how is it managed

A

Presentation: Delayed Speech
Management: Hearing aids, consideration for cochlear implant, SALT, alternative forms of communication e.g Sign Language, Social care

30
Q

What can cause neonatal seizures

A
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Infection/ Meningitis
  • Head Trauma: Intracranial Infarction/ Haemorrhage
  • Pyridoxine Dependency - give IV B6!!!
  • Asphyxia
  • Benign Neonatal Seizures (5th day)
  • Neonatal withdrawal from maternal drugs/substance abuse
31
Q

How can neonatal seizures present

A

12-48 hrs after brith

  • generalised
  • focal
  • can be tonic, clonic, cyclonic
  • may present as lip making, eye deviation, apnoea
  • EEG can confirm
32
Q

How are neonatal seizures managed

A 
ABC
Rule out reversible causes 
Start Abx 
Insert IV and take bloods 
radiological Ix 
Treat Cause 
Prolonged or Repeated Seizure consider Phenobarbital
33
Q

What is Epilepsy

A

A tendency to intermittent unprovoked abnormal electrical activity in the brain

34
Q

What are the two broad categories of Seizures due to their location

A

Generalised

Focal

35
Q

What are the two broad categories of seizures dependent on consciousness

A

Simple - Conscious/Aware

Complex - Reduced Consciousness/Unaware

36
Q

What are the types of generalised seizures

A

Tonic/Clonic - limb stiffness then jerking
Absence - Brief pauses, eyes may role up
Infantile Spasms/West Syndrome - Clusters of head nodding and arm jerks
Myoclonic Seizure: Thrown suddenly to ground

37
Q

What is infantile spasms/ West Syndrome how is it managed

A

Brief spasms beginning in first 4-6 months of life
Cause: Hypoxic ischaemic injury, perinatal infection
Presentation:
1. Clusters of symmetrical jerking flexion or extension of neck, torso and limbs
lasting 1-2 seconds and occurring up to 50 times
2. Progressive mental handicap
3. EEG: Hypsarrhythmia
4. Poor Prognosis

Treatment: Prednisolone

38
Q

What are complex focal seizures

A

Reduced Consciousness
Automatisms - Lip smacking, rubbing face, running
Fits of Pure pleasure

39
Q

What causes epilepsy

A

Often none found
FHx of Epilepsy
Complex febrile seizure
Neurodevelopmental Disorder e.g ASD, CP

40
Q

What are differentials for epilepsy

A 
Arrhythmias e.g prolonged QT
Migraine 
Narcolepsy 
Night Terrors 
Fainting
41
Q

Wha texts should be performed for epilepsy

A

EEG
MRI
Lab Tests to rule out metabolic disturbance, Toxicology

42
Q

What is a simple febrile seizure

A
  • Usually occur early on in viral infection due to rapid rise in temperature
  • A single generalised tonic clonic seizure
  • lasting < 15 mins
  • complete recovery within an hour
  • do not recur in 24 hrs

Occur in absence of CNS infection, metabolic abnormalities or Hx of afebrile seizures

43
Q

What is a complex febrile seizure

A

Usually starts as focal, lasts longer than 15 mins and occurs more than once in 24hrs

44
Q

How are Febrile Seizures managed

A

Following seizure

  • Admit to hospital if first febrile seizure or a complex febrile seizure
  • Investigate Cause e.g exclude meningitis
  • Recurrent seizures if fit lasting more than 5 mins call ambulance and give IV Lorazepam or PR Diazepam
45
Q

How do you manage an active seizure or status epilepticus

A
  • Call for help - ABC
  • Most resolve within 5 - 10 mins
  • If fit lasts 5 mins or longer give IV Lorazepam

Status Epilepticus

  • 2nd line Phenytonin
  • General Anesthesia
46
Q

What drugs are used to treat Epilepsy

A

Carbamazepine
Sodium Valproate
Lamotrigine

47
Q

What are the primitive reflexes

A 
Stepping Reflex 
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex 
Plantar Grasp 
Palmer grasp 
Mono Reflex 
Rooting Reflex 
Sucking Reflex 
Babinski Sign
48
Q

What is the stepping reflex and when does it stop

A

Stepping Motion - 2 months

49
Q

What is asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Infants head turned to one side - 3 - 4 months

50
Q

What is plantar grasp reflex

A

Plantar Flexion - Curling in - 3 months

51
Q

What is palmer grasp reflex

A

Closure of its palm - 3-6 months

52
Q

What is moro reflex

A

Abduction and Extension of arms when head is suddenly allowed to fall out - 3-6 months

53
Q

What is the rooting reflex

A

Cheek stroked and head turns to ipsilateral side and opens it mouth - 4 months

54
Q

What is the sucking reflex

A

infant starts to suck the finger - 4 months

55
Q

What is the Babinski reflex

A

Dorsiflexion of foot and fanning of the toes - 12 months

Paediatrics (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions