Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is Kawasaki Disease

A

A febrile vasculitic syndrome causing coronary aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does Kawasaki present

A

3 phases:

Acute Febrile: 1-2 weeks
Fever for 5 days or more + 4 of following:
- Bilateral non-exudative conjunctivitis
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Pharyngeal Injection, dry fissured lips and strawberry tongue
- polymorphous rash
- change in extremities e.g arthralgia, palmer erythema or later swelling of hands/feet

Subacute: lasts until remission of fever (weeks 4-6)
- Development of coronary artery aneurysms
and risk of MI/sudden death
- desquamation of digits, thrombocytosis, irritability and conjunctival injection

Convalescent: (weeks 6-12)

  • Resolution of clinical signs
  • normalisation of inflammatory markers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What would be found on Ix of Kawasaki Disease

A 
ESR & CRP raised
Bilirubin raised 
Platelets raised 
Echocardiogram 
MRA accurately defines aneurysms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Rx for Kawasaki Disease

A

IV Ig (immunoglobulin) - decreases new coronary aneurysms
if unresponsive - IVIG + prednisolone
Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What should do if someone has measles

A

Report to you local health protect team as it is notifiable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does measles present in the prodome and when is it infective from

A

Infective from prodome: Fever with CCCK:

  • Cough
  • Coryza
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Koplik Spots on palate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does the rash develop in measles

What are the complications of measles

A

A maculopapular rash 5d starting e.g behind ears and spreading down body

Complications:

Acute:
Most common: Otitis Media 
Croup and Tracheitis 
Pneumonia - most common cause of death!!!
Encephalitis - older patients

Chronic:
Subacute sclerosing parencephalitis - progressive change in behaviour, myoclonus, dystonia, dementia, coma, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Rx of measles

A

Isolate in hospital

  • Paracetamol/ antipyretics for fever
  • Adequate nutrition and fluids
  • Vit A
  • Treat secondary bacterial infection with Abx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Chicken Pox caused by

A

Varicella - Zoster Virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the signs of chicken pox

A

Fever followed by rash 2 days later:
- Macules - Papules - Vesicles with red surrounding - Ulcers - Crusting
Starts on face, scalp or trunk and is more concentrated to torso than the extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are complications of chicken pox

when is chicken pox dangerous

A

Spots blackish - purpura fulminans
Bluish - necrotising fasciitis - ITU!!!!!

Immunosuppression, CF, Severe eczema and neonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment of chicken pox

A
  • Keeping cool may reduce number of lesions
  • Calamine lotion soothes
  • Daily antiseptic for spots
  • Flucloxicillin if bacterial superinfection
  • Antivaricella-zoster immunoglobulin + aciclovir in immunocomprimised/suppressed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is Rubella infective and how does it present

A

Infective 5 days before to 5 days after rash

  • Macular rash
  • Suborbital Lympadenopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is rubella prevented and what complications can it cause

A

MMR vaccine

Small joint arthritis
Malformations in utero e.g eye anomaly, cardiac abnormalities, deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does mumps caused by and how does it present

A

Paramyoxovirus
Presents with:
prodromal malaise, fever, and painful parotid swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes hand, foot and mouth disease

A

Coxsackies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does hand, foot and mouth present

A
  • child mildly unwell with fever
  • Sore throat
  • Vesicles develop in mouth, hands and feet
  • May also be ulcers in the mouth
    (May also have Abdo pain and nausea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is scalded skin syndrome

A

A small number of Staph Aureus produces a toxin which is toxic to the skin
presents with skin blistering and peeling

Presents in the usual places:

  • infections of cuts/grazes
  • boils/abcesses
  • impetigo
  • nappy rash
  • conjunctivitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Diphtheria caused by

A

The toxin of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does Diphtheria present

A

tonsillitis + Pseudomembrane - A thick/grey white coating over back of throat
High Fever
Shock from myocarditis, cardiac conducting system involvement
Dysphagia
Muffled voice
Airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a concern with Diphtheria

A

Toxin induced myocarditis (do frequent ECG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Diagnosis and Rx of Diphtheria

A

Swab culture of material below pseudomembrane

Rx: Diphtheria Antitoxin and Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes Whooping Cough

A

Bordetella Pertussis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does whooping cough present

A 
Infants: 
Apnoea
Bouts of coughing with vomiting worse at night and after feeding 
Whoops caused on inspiration
Co-infection with RSV e.g bronchiolitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the diagnosis and Rx of Whooping Cough

A

PCR via nasal swab

Macroglide - Clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a complication of whooping cough

A

Prolonged illness can lead to bronchiectasis and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is TB cause by

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of TB

A

Can be latent - asymptomatic, uninfectous
or active - symptomatic, mortality high

Resists killing by Macrophages
Therefore Bacilli and Macrophages form a Granuloma in the lung

29
Q

What is the risk factors for TB

A 
HIV +ve 
Overseas contact 
IVUD 
Homeless 
Crowded living
30
Q

What are the features of TB

A

Pulmonary: Cough, Chest pain, Dyspnoea, Haemoptysis, Pleural Effusion
Systemic: Weight loss, Anorexia, Low grade fever, Night Sweats, Failure to thrive, Malaise

31
Q

What is Extrapulmonary TB

A

haematogenous dissemination

  • Lymph nodes - swelling
  • Millary TB
  • Bone - pain, swelling of joints, Potts
  • Abdominal TB - ascites, malabsorption
  • Genito-Urinary TB
  • CNS TB - meningitis
32
Q

How is TB diagnosed

A
  • Tuberculin Test - skin test
  • Interferon Gamma release testing - blood test
  • Culture + Zielhl - Neesen Stain of sputa
  • CXR: consolidation, cavitation, (small white dots means millary spread)
33
Q

How is TB treated

A

4 drugs for 6 months in active disease:

  • Rifampicin
  • Isoniazid
  • Pyrazinamide - first 2 months only
  • Ethambutol - first 2 months only

In latent disease 2 drugs for 3 months

34
Q

What is the TB treatment SE

A

Rifampicin - Hepatitis
Isoniazid - Neuropathy
Ethamabutol - Optic Neuritis
(Monitor LFTs and U&Es)

Remember - Drug Resistance major problem therefore compliance is vital

35
Q

What is meningitis and how does it present

A

Inflammation of the Meninges

Infants subtle: Crying, Irritability, Lethargy, Difficulty feeding, Fever, Seizures, Bulging Fontanelle

Septic Signs: Fever/raised T, cold hands/feet, limb/joint pain, abnormal skin colour, abnormal behaviour, non blanching purpuric rash, DIC, Raised HR, Low BP

Meningeal Signs: Less common in young children!!!

  • Headache
  • Neck Stiffness
  • Photophobia
  • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Kernigs Sign - resistance to extending knee when hip flexed
36
Q

What are the main causes of meningitis

A

Neonates: Step B Pneumococcus
Older: nisseria Meningitidis

37
Q

How is meningitis managed pre hospital

A

Suspected bacterial meningitis without non blanching rash
- Urgent transfer to secondary care without giving parenteral Abx

Suspected meningococcal disease (meningitis with rash or meningococcal septicaemia)
- Give IV/IM benzylpenicillin

38
Q

How is meningitis managed in secondary care

A
  • Examination for signs of meningitis or septicaemia
  • Give IV Cefotaxime immediately/without delay if any hint of meningococcal disease (meningitis with rash or meningococcal septicaemia) sending bloods and CSF must not delay this!!!!!
  • Carry out appropriate Ix
  • Protect Airways, Give high flow O2, set up IVI
  • Children 3 months or older - IV Ceftriaxone
  • Children younger than 3 months - IV cefotaxime + Amoxicillin

Dexamethasone - can be given to prevent deafness (complication of meningitis)

If Viral Meningitis e.g Herpes Simplex give Acyclovir

39
Q

What Ix should be performed in suspected Meningitis

A 
FBC
CRP
Coagulation Screening
Blood Culture 
PCR - for N. Meningitidis 
Lumbar Puncture - only do if not contraindicated e.g signs of Raised ICP, shock, DIC, purpura, brain herniation near
Blood glucose and gas
40
Q

How too you distinguish bacterial and viral meningitis

A

Appearance - Viral usually clear, Bacterial turbid
Predominant cell - Viral mononuclear, Bacterial polymorph
Glucose - low in bacterial, normal in viral
Protein - raised in bacterial, normal in viral

41
Q

What can be given as prophylaxis to prevent meningitis

A

Ciprofloxacin

42
Q

What are the causes of meningitis

A

Over 3 months:

  • Meningococcus/Neisseria Meninigitiis
  • Streptococcus Pneumoniae
  • Haemophillus Influenzas (in unvaccinated)

Under 3 months:

  • Group B haemolytic Streptococci!!! - via mothers vagina
  • E-coli, meningococcus, pneumococcus

Viruses: Enterovirus, HSV

43
Q

How does Encephalitis present

A 
Flu like prodome 
Change in consciousness 
Odd behaviour 
Vomting 
Fits 
Temp Increase
Menignism
44
Q

What are the causes of Encephalitis

A 
HSV
Mumps 
Varicella Zoster 
Rabies 
TB 
Malaria 
Enetroviruses
45
Q

How Is Encephalitis managed

A 
CSP
Blood Cultures 
MC&S 
Test stools 
Urine

If Herpes Simplex give Acyclovir

46
Q

What is slapped cheek syndrome

A

Caused by Parovirus B19

presents with:
High Fever 
Headache 
Runny nose & sore throat 
Bright red rash on both cheeks 
Maculopapular rash with pruritus on torso, arms and legs
47
Q

What is impetigo

A

Skin infection caused by Staph Aureus
Presents with:
Blisters that quickly burst and form a golden crust which can be itchy and painful

Rx: Topical Abx e.g Fusidic Acid
More widespread? - oral Abx - Flucloxicillin

48
Q

What is candida

A

A fungal Infection
Can cause:
Nappy Rash

49
Q

How do children often develop HIV

A

Through Vertical transmission from mother to baby during childbirth - may need C-section
OR
through breastfeeding - ALL HIV +ve women should bottle-feed

50
Q

How may an undiagnosed HIV +ve Child present

A 
Failure to thrive 
Lympadenopathy 
Hepatospleomegaly 
Presisitant diarrhoea 
Parotid enlargement 
Shingles 
Recurrent slow to clear infection 
TB 
Low platelets 
Clubbing
51
Q

What are the risks of HIV in children

A

Immunocomprimised

52
Q

How is HIV managed in children

A

Full course of vaccination

HAART treatment

53
Q

What is poliomyelitis

A

A viral infection that can result in temporary or permanent paralysis due to its potential invasion of the grey matter of the spinal cord

Spread by faeco-oral spread

54
Q

How does polio present

A

Most are asymptomatic (90%)

Poliomyelitis without CNS involvement (flu symptoms) :

  • high temp
  • sore throat
  • headache
  • abdo pain
  • aching muscles
  • feeling sick

Poliomyelitis with CNS involvement:

    • Fever, neck stiffness, headache, vomiting
  • Paralysis, respiratory failure
55
Q

What are the long term complications of polio

A

Muscle weakness and pain

56
Q

What will be found on Ix

A

PCR amplification of poliovirus RNA from CSF

57
Q

What is the Rx of Polio

A

Pain relief
mechanical ventilation
close monitoring of BP and RR
Immunisation - for prevention

58
Q

What is scarlet fever

A

Caused by Group A bets haemolytic step

59
Q

How does scarlet fever present

A

Acute tonsillitis

  • Fever
  • Tonsillopharyngitis - sore throat, white coating of tongue, pharyngeal erythema and strawberry tongue

Scarlet colour maculopapular rash with sandpaper like texture with Pastia’s lines

Desquamation phase - desquamation of skin in flakes

60
Q

How is it diagnosed and treated

A

Diagnosis: Throat swab

Abx: Oral penicillin

61
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome caused by

A 
Staphlyococcus or Streptococcus bacteria which can release harmful toxins 
Causes:
- High Temp
- Flu like symptoms 
- Nausea/Vomitng 
- Diarrhoea 
- Wide spread rash 
- dizziness, fainting and difficulty breathing
62
Q

What vaccinations are given at 8 weeks old

A 
The 6 in 1 
Diphtheria 
Tetanus
Pertussis (DTaP)
Polio (IPV)
Haemophilus Influenza Type B (HiB)
Hepatitis B (HepB)

Pneumococcal

Meningococcal Group B (MenB)

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

63
Q

What vaccinations are given at twelve weeks old

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis (DTaP)
Polio (IPV)
HiB
Hepatitis B

Rotavirus

64
Q

What vaccinations are given at 16 weeks old

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis (DTaP)

Pneumococcal

MenB

65
Q

What vaccinations are given at 1 year

A

HiB and MenC

Pneumococcal

MMR

MenB

66
Q

What vaccinations are given at 3 years and 4 months

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis
Polio (IPV)

MMR

Paediatrics (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions