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OSCE > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 causes of peripheral neuropathies?

A

Drugs, Alcohol, Vitamin deficiency, Infection, Diabetes

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2
Q

How long does a cluster headache typically last?

A

15-180 mins

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3
Q

Give 3 characteristics of a cluster headache?

A

Unilateral orbital pain, restlessness/agitation, rapid onset of severe pain

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4
Q

Give 3 characteristics of a tension headache?

A

Bilateral, pressing/tightening quality, not aggravated by exercise

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5
Q

Give 3 characteristics of a tension headache?

A

Unilateral face pain within trigeminal distribution, duration 1 second - 2 mins, electric shock like

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6
Q

What visual changes often precede migraine?

A

Flashing lights and zig-zag lines

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7
Q

Give 3 characteristics of a migraine?

A

Attacks last 4-72 hours, unilateral, pulsing quality, aggravated by exercise, can experience nausea, vomitting, photophobia or phonophobia

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8
Q

Give 3 triggers of a migraine?

A

Oral contraceptive pill, hangovers, chocolate, caffeine, travel

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9
Q

Give 3 features of epileptic seizures?

A

Can wake from sleep, rhythmical jerks, tongue biting, incontinence, post-itcal state of drowsiness, fatigue

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10
Q

Give a medication you could give to someone with a migraine?

A

Sumitriptan

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11
Q

Give two microbiological agents that can cause meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitides, strep pneumoniae, E.coli, H. Influenzae

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12
Q

Give 3 risk factors for meningitis?

A

IVDU, crowding, immunocompromised, diabetes, malignancy

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13
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of meningitis?

A

Headache, neck stiffness, fever

Altered mental state, papilloedema, rash

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14
Q

What antibiotic do you give for meningitis?

A

Cefotaxime

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15
Q

What cells of the PNS does MS attack?

A

Oligiodendrocytes

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16
Q

What is the clinical presentation of MS?

A

Difficulty swallowing, double vision, painful eye movement, tremor, Bladder involvement, weakness, numbness and tingling in limbs, symptoms worsen in heat

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17
Q

Give 3 features of cerebellar disease?

A

Intention tremor, nystagmus, slurred speech, hypotonia, ataxia

18
Q

What are 3 symptoms of a raised ICP?

A

Headache (worse on waking)
Nausea and Vomiting
Papilloedema (blurred vision)
Reduced conscious level

19
Q

What are 4 red flag signs of brain tumour?

A

Weight loss, altered consciousness, papilloedema, headache+seizure

20
Q

Give 4 symptoms of a brain tumour?

A

Raised ICP, epilepsy, lethargy and tiredness, progressive neurological deficit

21
Q

What can cause an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Fractured temporal or parietal bone

22
Q

Which type of haemorrhage has a lucid interval?

A

Extradural haemorrhage

23
Q

What would a CT head show for a patient with an extra-dural haemorrhage?

A

Convex haematoma

24
Q

Give 3 risk factors for a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Elderly patients, epileptics, patients on anticoagulation, alcoholics

25
Q

Give 3 symptoms of subdural haemorrhage?

A

Fluctuating consciousness, headache, personality change, unsteadiness

26
Q

What would a CT head show for a patient with an subdural haemorrhage?

A

Crescent shaped haematoma

27
Q

Give 3 signs of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Thunderclap headache, neck weakness, photophobia, reduced consciousness, vomiting, collapse

28
Q

Give 3 clinical features of a LMN lesion?

A

Decreased muscle tone, fasciculation’s, reflexes absent, muscle wasting

29
Q

How do you distinguish MND from MS and peripheral neuropathy?

A

MND there is no sensory loss of sphincter disturbance

30
Q

What does MND never effect?

A

Eye movement

31
Q

Give 3 symptoms of MND?

A

Weak grip, stumbling gait, foot drop, aspiration pneumonia

32
Q

What is the characteristic pattern of muscle weakness in UMN lesion?

A

Upper limb flexor stronger than extensor

Lower limb extensor stronger than flexor

33
Q

What are the characteristics findings in a patient with parkinson’s?

A

Tremor (worst at rest), hypertonia (cog-wheel rigidity), bradykinesia (shuffling gait, slow to initiate movement)

34
Q

What is first line treatment for Parkinsons?

A

L-Dopa

35
Q

Give 2 contraindications to thrombolysis after a stroke?

A

Recent surgery past 3 months, severe liver disease, patient on anticoagulation

36
Q

How long do you have to thrombolyse someone post onset of stroke symptoms?

A
  1. 5 hours
37
Q

Give 2 clinical features of an ACA stroke?

A

Leg weakness, incontinence, gait apraxia

38
Q

Give 2 clinical features of an MCA stroke?

A

Speech disturbance, facial droop, arm and leg weakness

39
Q

Give 2 clinical features of an PCA stroke?

A

Homonymous hemianopia, visual disturbance

40
Q

Give 3 red flag symptoms of caudal equina syndrome?

A

Sciatica, saddle anaesthesia, bladder/bowel dysfunction, flaccid leg weakness

41
Q

Give 3 causes of a TIA?

A

Cardioembolism (eg AF), atherothromboembolism, hyper viscosity eg malaria

OSCE (9 decks)

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