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COMLEX 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what is regulated by hypothalamus

A 
TAN HATS
Thirst/water balance
Adenohypophysis
Neurophypophysis
Hunger
Autonomic nervous system
Temperature
Sexual urges
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2
Q

lateral nucleus of hypothalamus

A

HUNGER

stimulated by GHRELIN, inhibited by LEPTIN

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3
Q

lateral nucleus of hypothalamus destruction

A

anorexia, failure to thrive (infants)

LATERAL makes you LEAN

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4
Q

ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

A

SATIETY

stimulated by LEPTIN

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5
Q

ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus injury

A

ex: craniopharyngioma
-> HYPERPHAGIA
VentroMedial injury makes you Very Massive

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6
Q

anterior nucleus of hypothalamus

A

cooling, parasympathetic

A/C cools off

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7
Q

posterior nucleus of hypothalamus

A

heating, sympathetic

Hot Pot

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8
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

circadian rhythm

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9
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

A

synthesize ADH and oxytocin (stored and released by posterior pituitary)

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10
Q

preoptic nucleus

A

thermoregulation, sexual behavior

releases GnRH

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11
Q

failure of GnRH-producing neurons to migrate from olfactory pit

A

Kallmann syndrome

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12
Q

ventral postero-lateral nucleus of thalamus input

A

spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

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13
Q

ventral postero-lateral nucleus of thalamus senses

A

Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch, temperature

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14
Q

ventral postero-lateral nucleus of thalamus destination

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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15
Q

ventral postern-medial nucleus of thalamus input

A

trigeminal and gustatory pathway

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16
Q

ventral postern-medial nucleus of thalamus senses

A

Face sensation, taste

Makeup goes on the FACE

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17
Q

ventral postern-medial nucleus of thalamus destination

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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18
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus input

A

CN II, optic chasm, optic tract

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19
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus senses

A

vision

Lateral = Light

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20
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus destination

A

calcarine sulcus

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21
Q

medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus input

A

superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

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22
Q

medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus senses

A

hearing

Medial = Music

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23
Q

medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus destination

A

auditory cortex of temporal lobe

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24
Q

ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus input

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum

25
Q

ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus senses

A

motor

26
Q

ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus destination

A

motor cortex

27
Q

frontal lobe lesion

A

disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orientation, judgment; may have reemergence of primitive reflexes

28
Q

frontal eye fields lesion

A 
eyes look TOWARD (destructive) side of lesion
in seizures (irritative), eyes look away from side of lesion
29
Q

paramedian pontine reticular formation lesion

A

eyes look away from side of lesion

ipsilateral gaze palsy (inability to look toward side of lesion)

30
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus lesion

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia - impaired adduction of ipsilateral eye, nystagmus of contralateral eye with abduction
Multiple sclerosis

31
Q

dominant parietal cortex lesion

A

agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right orientation

Gerstmann syndrome

32
Q

non dominant parietal cortex lesion

A

agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

hemispatial neglect syndrome

33
Q

hippocampus (bilateral) lesion

A

anterograde amnesia - inability to make new memories

34
Q

basal ganglia lesion

A

may result in tremor at rest, choria, athetosis

Parkinson disease, Huntington disease

35
Q

sub thalamic nucleus lesion

A

contralateral hemiballismus

36
Q

mammillary bodies (bilateral) lesion

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Ophthalmoplegia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia), confabulation, personality changes

37
Q

amygdala (bilateral) lesion

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome - disinhibited behavior (e.g. hyperrhagia, hyper sexuality, hyperorality)
HSV-1 encephalitis

38
Q

dorsal midbrain lesion

A

Parinaud syndrome - vertical gaze palsy, pupillary light-near dissociation, lid retraction, convergence-retraction nystagmus
stroke, hydrocephalus, pinealoma

39
Q

reticular activating system (midbrain) lesion

A

reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (e.g. coma)

40
Q

cerebellar hemisphere lesion

A

intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance;
damage to cerebellum -> ipsilateral defects;
fall toward side of lesion

41
Q

red nucleus lesion

A

decorticate (flexor) posturing - lesion above red nucleus, presents with flexion of UE and extension of LE
Decerebrate (extensor) posturing - lesion at or below red nucleus, presents with extension of UE and LE

42
Q

cerebellar vermis lesion

A

truncal ataxia (wide-based, drunken sailor gait), dysarthria

43
Q

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss - face and upper limb
aphasia OR hemineglect

A

middle cerebral artery

44
Q

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss - lower limb, urinary incontinence

A

anterior cerebral artery

45
Q

contralateral paralysis
absent cortical signs (neglect, aphasia, visual field loss)
contralateral somatosensory ?

A

lenticulostriate artery

LACUNAR INFARCTS

46
Q

contralateral paralysis - upper and lower limbs
decreased contralateral proprioception
ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction (tongue deviates ipsilaterally)

A

anterior spinal artery

MEDIAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME

47
Q

dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex
vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus
decreased pain/temp from contralateral body & ipsilateral face
Ipsilateral Horner syndrome
Ipsilateral ataxia, dysmetria

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

LATERAL MEDULLARY/WALLENBERG SYNDROME

48
Q

paralysis of face
decreased lacrimation, decreased salivation, decreased taste from anterior 2/3 tongue
decreased pain/temp sensation from contralateral body, ipsilateral face
ipsilateral Horner syndrome
ataxia, dysmetria
Ipsilateral sensorineural deafness, vertigo

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

LATERAL PONTINE SYNDROME

49
Q

preserved consciousness
quadriplegia: loss of voluntary facial, mouth, and tongue movements
loss of horizontal, but not vertical, eye movements

A

basilar artery

LOCKED-IN syndrome

50
Q

contralateral hemianopia w/ macular sparing

Alexia without agraphia

A

posterior cerebral artery

51
Q

ACom compression

A

bilateral hemianopia - visual acuity deficits

52
Q

ACom rupture

A

contralateral LE hemiparesis, sensory deficits

53
Q

MCA rupture

A

contralateral UE and lower facial hemiparesis, sensory deficits

54
Q

PCom compression

A

ipsilateral CN III palsy -> mydriasis, ptosis, ‘down and out’ eye

55
Q

simple partial seizure

A

consciousness intact

motor, sensory, autonomic, psychic

56
Q

complex partial seizure

A

impaired consciousness

automatisms

57
Q

absence seizure

A

3Hz spike and wave discharges, no postictal confusion, blank stare
- tx: ethosuximide

58
Q

myoclonic seizure

A

no loss of consciousness or post-ictal
brief jerking movements
Tx: lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate, valproic acid

59
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

alternating stiffening and movement

tx: lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate, valproic acid

COMLEX 1 (14 decks)

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