Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
Frontal lobe
A
- precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, voluntary muscle)
- prefrontal cortex (emotions and judgment)
- Broca’s area (motor of speech)
2
Q
Parietal lobe
A
- postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex
- receives touch, proprioception, pain, temp, from opposite side of body
3
Q
Temporal lobe
A
- primary auditory cortex (receives/processes auditory)
- Wernicke’s area - language comprehension
4
Q
Occipital lobe
A
-primary visual cortex (receives/processes vision)
5
Q
Insula
A
- deep in lateral sulcus
- visceral functions
6
Q
Limbic systems
A
- instincts and emotions for preservation of individual
- feeding, aggression, emotions, sexual response
7
Q
Basal ganglia parts
A
- gray matter deep in cerebral hemispheres
- striatum
- globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
- lenticular nucleus= putamen and globus pallidus
8
Q
Basal ganglia circuits
A
- oculomotor circuit, saccadic eye movements
- Motor loop= scale amplitude and velocity of movements, reinforces selected patterns, suppresses conflicting patterns, preparatory for movement
- limbic circuit=organize behaviors, executive functions
9
Q
Thalamus
A
- sensory nuclei=integrate and relay sensory info from body, face, retina, cochlea, taste to cerebral cortex
- Motor nuclei= relay motor info from cerebellum and globus pallidus to precentral motor cortex
10
Q
Subthalamus
A
-several functional pathways for sensory, motor, and reticular function
11
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- integrates and controls ANS and neuroendicrine system
- maintains homeostasis
12
Q
Epithalamus
A
- integrates olfactory, visceral, and somatic pathways
- pineal gland secrets hormones
13
Q
Midbrain parts
A
- connects pons to cerebrum
- tegmentum
- Substantia
- superior colliculus
- periaqueductal gray
14
Q
Tegmentum
A
- contains all ascending and descending tracts
- important for coordination
15
Q
Substantia nigra
A
- large motor nucleus, connects basal ganglia and cortex
- important for motor control and muscle tone
16
Q
Superior/inferior colliculus
A
- superior= relay station for vision and visual reflexes
- inferior= relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes
17
Q
Pons
A
-connects medulla oblongata to midbrain for passage of ascending/descending tracts
18
Q
Medulla oblongata
A
- connects spinal cord w/ pons
- corticospinal tracts cross in pyramids
- control of head movements and gaze stabilization (VOR)
- contains centers for vital functions (cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor)
19
Q
Cerebellum
A
- equilibrium and regulation of muscle tone, coordinates VOR
- anterior lobe receives input from proprioception, modifies muscle tone and synergistic actions of muscles
- maintenance of posture and voluntary movements
- smooth coordination, accurate force, direction, extent of movement
- motor learning, sequencing
20
Q
Central gray metter
A
anterior horns = efferent motor neurons
posterior horns = afferent sensory neurons
21
Q
Dorsal columns/medial lemniscal system
A
- located posteriorly, UE more lateral, LE medial,
- convey proprioception, vibration, and tactile discrimination
22
Q
Spinothalamic tracts
A
- located anterolaterally
- lateral spinothalamic= pain and temp
- anterior spinothalamic = crude touch
- ascend 1-2 levels then cross in SC
23
Q
Spinocerebellar
A
- located most laterally
- proprioception from muscle spindles, GTOs and touch receptors to cerebellum for voluntary control of movement
24
Q
Spinoreticular
A
deep and chronic pain
25
Corticospinal tract
- cross in pyramidal decussation of medulla
- voluntary movement control
- lateral tract = cervical is medial, sacral is lateral
26
Vestibulospinal tract
-control of muscle tone, antigravity muscles and postural reflexes
27
Rubrospinal tract
-sensation especially pain
28
Tectospinal
head turning responses to stimuli
29
Sympathetic ANS
- thoracolumbar divison T1-L2
- prepares body for fight of flight
- increases HR and BP
- constricts peripheral blood vessels
30
Parasympathetic ANS
craniosacral division, CN 3, 5, 9, 10
- decreases BP and HR
- increases peristalsis
31
Meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater (delicate vascular membrane
- pia mater (thin vascular membrane, covers brains surface)
32
Subarachnoid space
- contains CSF and major arteries
| - between arachnoid mater and pia mater
33
Cerebrospinal fluid
- provides mechanical support (cushion)
- controls brain excitability
- aids in exchange of nutrients and waste products
34
Carotid system
- internal carotid arteries arise from common carotids
- branch to form ACA and MCA
- supply large area of brain and deep structures
35
Vertebrobasilar system
- vertebral arteries arise from subclavian artery and forms basilar artery
- this branches into to PCAs
- supplies brainstem, cerebellum, occipital lobe, parts of thalamus
36
Circle of Willis
- formed by anterior communicating artery
| - connects two ACAs and PCA
37
"A" nerve fibers
- large myelinated, fast
- alpha= proprioception, somatic motor
- beta= touch, pressure
- Gamma= motor to m spindles
- Delta= pain, temperature, touch
38
"B" nerve fibers
-small myelinated
39
"C" nerve fibers
smallest unmyelinated fibers, slowest conducting
40
CN I Olfactory
- smell
| - test sense of smell each nostril
41
CN II Optic
- Vision
| - test visual acuity and peripheral vision
42
CN III Oculomotor
- pupillary reflex, accommodation, convergence
- turns eye up, down, in
- elevates eyelid
- shine light in eye,
- pupils move medially when viewing object close range
43
CN IV Trochlear
-turns adducted eye down
44
CN V Trigeminal
- sensory to face and cornea
- motor to temporal and masseter muscles
- test pain and light touch to forehead, cheeks, jaw
45
CN VI Abducens
-Turns eye out
46
CN VII Facial
- Facial expression (smile, frown, show teeth)
| - sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue
47
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
-vestibular function, VOR, cochlear function
48
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
- sensory to posterior 1/3 tongue taste, pharynx, middle ear
- phonation
- swallowing
- palatal, pharynx control
- gag reflex
49
CN X Vagus
- Phonation, swallowing
| - palatal pharynx control, gag reflex
50
CN XI Accessory
- trapezius innervation
| - Sternocleidomastoid innervation
51
CN XII hypoglossal nerve
Tongue movements
52
Myotatic stretch reflex
- stimulus= muscle stretch
- Afferent fibers from muscle spindles to alpha motor neurons then back to muscle
- maintains muscle tone, agonist contraction, muscle length info
- DTRs
53
Inverse stretch reflex
- stimulus= muscle contraction
- afferent fibers from GTOs via inhibitory interneuron
- agonist inhibition, diminution of agonist force, protection
54
Obtundation LoC
pt opens eyes
- responds slowly and confused
- decreased alertness and interest in environment
55
Stupor LoC
- aroused from sleep w/ painful stimuli
| - returns to unresponsive state w/o stimuli
56
Glasgow Coma Scale scores
- eye opening, motor response, verbal response scores 3-15
- Severe brain injury 1-8
- Moderate brain injury 9-12
- minor brain injury 13-15
57
Mini-Mental State Exam
- brief screening for cognitive dysfunction, orientation, registration, attention, recall, language
- Max score is 30
- Mild cognitive impairment 21-24
- Moderate cognitive impairment 16-20
- Severe impairment 15 or less
58
Rancho Los Amigos LoC
- No response I
- decreased response II, III
- Confused levels IV-VI
- Appropriate VII, VIII
59
Nonfluent aphasia
- Broca's motor aphasia, expressive aphasia,
| - speech is awkward, restricted, interrupted, requires effort
60
Verbal apraxia
impairment of volitional articulatory control
61
Dysarthria
- impairment of speech production
| - weakness, paralysis, incoordination of motor speech system
62
Fluent aphasia
- Wernicke's aphasia, receptive aphasia
- spontaneous speech is preserved and smooth flowing
- auditory comprehension is impaired
63
Kernig's sign
- supine, flex hip and knee to chest then extend knee
| - if pain and increased resistance bilaterally, may suggest meningeal irritation
64
Brudzinski's sign
- supine, flex neck to chest
| - if flexion of hips and knees, suggests meningeal irritation
65
Homonymous hemianopsia
- loss of half of visual field in each eye
| - contralateral to side of cerebral hemisphere lesion
66
Anosognosia
severe denial, neglect, or lack of awareness of severity of condition
67
Figure-ground discrimination
have pt pick out object from array of objects
68
Form constancy
- pt pick out object from array of similar object
| - large blocks from group of blocks
69
Agnosia
-inability to recognize familiar objects w/ one sense while retaining ability to recognize same object with other sense
70
Apraxia
inability to perform voluntary learned movements in absence of loss of strength, sensation or others
- ideomotor apraxia, pt can't perform task on command but can on own
- ideational apraxia, pt cant perform task at all
71
When is flaccidity seen?
- LMN lesions
| - initially after UMN lesions (spinal/cerebral shock)
72
When is spasticity seen?
UMN lesions
73
Babinski response
- DF of great toe w/ fanning of other toes after stroking up lateral side of sole foot
- indicative of corticospinal tract damage
74
Modified ashworth scale
0-4 (w/ 1+)
| -measures spasticity
75
Normal CSF
- volume 90-150 mL
- Pressure 90-180 mm H2O
- Protein 15-45 mg/dL
76
ACA supplies...
anterior 2/3 of medial cerebral cortex
77
MCA supplies...
- lateral cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- internal capsule
78
PCA supplies...
- temporal lobe
- posterior 1/3 of cerebral cortex
- midbrain
- diencephalon
79
Vertebral artery supplies...
- ventral medulla
| - posterior cerebellum
80
Basilar artery supplies ...
ventral pons
81
Pts with left hemisphere lesions are...
slow, cautions, hesitant, insecure
- develop appropriate communication
- dont underestimate ability to learn
82
Pts with right hemisphere lesions are
impulsive, quick, indifferent
- poor judgement and safety, overestimate abilities
- use verbal cues, demos
- focus on slowing down and safety
