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NPTE exam > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

-R AV valve

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2
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

-L AV valve (mitral)

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3
Q

End systolic volume

A
  • blood left in ventricles after systole

- about 50mL

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4
Q

End diastolic volume

A
  • blood left in ventricles after filling

- about 120 mL

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5
Q

Right coronary artery

A
  • supplies R atrium, most of R ventricle, AV node

- supplies SA node 60% of time

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6
Q

Left coronary artery

A
  • two divisions
  • Left anterior descending supplies L ventricle and IV septum
  • Circumflex supplies lateral and inferior walls of L ventricle, and SA node 40% of time
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7
Q

Cardia Output

A
  • HR x SV

- normal adults is 4-5 L/min

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8
Q

Cardia Index

A
  • CO/ body surface area

- normal is 2.5-3.5 L/min

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9
Q

Myocardial oxygen demand (MVO2)

A
  • represents energy cost to myocardium

- HR x SBP = RPP

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10
Q

Hyperkalemia

A
  • increased [ ] of K+ ions
  • decreases rate and force of contraction
  • ECG changes (wide PR and QRS, tall T)
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11
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  • Decreased [ ] of K+ ions

- ECG changes, may cause V fib (flat T, prolonged PR/QT)

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12
Q

CV disease risk factors

A
  • Men >45, women >55
  • Cardiac event in 1st degree family male <55, female <65
  • African American
  • Cholesterol, DM, HTN, Obesity, smoking, physical inactivity
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13
Q

Heart sounds

A
  • aortic valve = 2nd R intercostal space
  • Pulmonic valve= 2nd L intercostal space
  • Tricuspid valve = 4th L intercostal space
  • Mitral valve = 5th L intercostal space at midclavicle
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14
Q

S1 sound

A
  • closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

- beginning of systole

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15
Q

S2 sound

A
  • closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

- end of systole

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16
Q

S3

A
  • Occurs after S2

- CHF in elderly

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17
Q

S4

A
  • before S1

- indicative of pathology (CAD, MI)

18
Q

Orthostatic hypotension criteria

A
  • SBP drops >20

- DBP drops >10

19
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

(2DBP+SBP)/3

-normal is 70-110

20
Q

Ankle brachial index

A 
>1.40 non compliant arteries
1.0-1.40 normal
0.91-0.99 borderline
<0.90 abnormal
<0.50 severe arterial disease
21
Q

L sided HF

A
  • pulmonary congestion, edema and backup from L ventricle to L atrium
  • agitation
22
Q

R sided HF

A
  • mitral valve disease
  • chronic lung disease
  • jugular vein distension and peripheral edema
23
Q

ACE inhibitors

A
  • captOPRIL, enalOPRIL, lisinOPRIL
  • inhibit conversion of angiotensin 1 to 2
  • decreases Na retention and peripheral vasoconstriction to decrease BP
24
Q

Angiotension 2 receptor blockers

A
  • Losartan, cozaar

- decreases BP

25
Q

Nitrates

A
  • decrease preload through peripheral vasodilation
  • decreases myocardial O2 demand
  • dilates coronary arteries, improves coronary BF
26
Q

Beta adrenergic blocking agents

A
  • atenOLOL, metoprOLOL (lopressor)

- decrease myocardial O2 demand by decreasing HR and contractility

27
Q

Ca channel blockers

A
  • diltiazem, cardizem, amlodipine

- inhibits flow of Ca, decrease HR

28
Q

Acute MI activity restriction

A
  • peak in troponin levels indicates MI stopped

- limit to 5 METs or 70% AMPHR for 4-6 weeks

29
Q

ECG exercise healthy individual

A
  • tachycardia
  • QT interval shortening
  • ST segment depression, upsloping, less than 1mm
30
Q

ECG exercise myocardial ischemia, CAD

A
  • significant tachy
  • exertional arrhythmias
  • ST segment depression, horizontal/downsloping, greater than 1mm = myocardial ischemia
31
Q

Absolute terminate exercise

A
  • drop in SBP > 10mm w/ increased work
  • moderate-severe angina
  • nervous system sxs
  • sustained VT
  • ST elevation >1.0mm
32
Q

Phase 1 cardiac rehab

A
  • low intensity (2-3 METs) progress to 5 METs by d/c
  • Limited to 70% HRmax and/or 5 METs for 6 weeks
  • short therex sessions 2-3/day gradually increase duration and decrease frequency
  • lifting activities restricted
33
Q

Phase 1 cardiac rehab HEP

A

gradual increase in ambulation goal of 20-30 mins

1-2 x/day for 4-6 weeks

34
Q

Phase 2 cardiac rehab (subacute)

A

2-3 sessions/week
30-60 mins 5-10 mins warm up and cooldown
-9 METs for d/c, 5 METs for most ADLs

35
Q

Heart Failure

A
  • assess for sxs of decompensation= increased SoB, sudden weight gain, LE or abdominal swelling/edema, increased pain/fatigue
  • HR response may be tolerated
  • begin w/ 40-60% functional capacity
36
Q

Cardiac Transplant

A
  • increased fx risk d/t long term corticosteroid use

- HR alone is not good measure of exercise intensity

37
Q

PAD walking program

A

-walk until report 1 on claudication scale for 3-5 mins, stop when reach 2
30-60 mins for 3-5x/week

38
Q

Lymphe node palpation

A
  • Soft TENDER lymph nodes that move easily is sign of inflammation/infection. Ask about known illness, if not refer to PCP
  • Hard, immobile lymph nodes = metastatic cancer and refer to physician
39
Q

Lipedema

A

symmetrical bilateral swelling of LEs that stops at ankles

-pain and bruising are prominent features

40
Q

Lymphedema

A
  • apply moisturizer, avoid sunburn, avoid injuries
  • avoid sports w/ impact/golf/tennis
  • no BP checks on affected side
  • SHORT stretch bandages for 24 hrs/day
41
Q

CPR

A
  • compressions first then airway and breathing (CAB)
  • push 2” in chest
  • 100 compressions/min
42
Q

Internal bleeding sxs

A
  • ecchymosis over injured area
  • body part/abdomen may be swollen
  • skin is blue, gray, pale, cool or moist

NPTE exam (7 decks)

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