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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

MCA Stroke symptoms

A

Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss in face and upper limb. Aphasia if stroke is dominant lobe (left) or hemineglect if nondominant (right side). Homonymous hemianopsia (loss of visual field on opposite side of stroke in each eye so left side has right field loss in both eyes so eyes deviate to left)

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2
Q

How do you know what side of the brain speech is controlled by?

A

Determined by handedness where right handed ppl have left brain dominant

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3
Q

ACA stroke symptoms

A

motor/sensory loss of contralateral lower limb. can have urinary incontinence

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4
Q

PCA stroke symptoms

A

Ipsilateral sensory loss of face 9th and 10th CN, contralateral sensory loss of limbs, limb ataxia. Contralateral sensory loss of limbs. Limb ataxia

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5
Q

Best initial/most accurate test for stroke?

A

Initial: CT scan, Accurate: MRI

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6
Q

Tx for stroke

A

3-4.5 for ischemic/TIA-aspirin; if on aspirin, add dipyramidole or switch to clopidogrel
Hemorrhage: nothing, but control BP and reverse anticoag

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7
Q

What drug is essential for all stroke patients?

A

Statin regardless of LDL level

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8
Q

Appearance of hemorrhage vs ischemic on CT scan

A

Hemorrhage-white, Ischemic-black

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9
Q

Follow up tests for stroke to find cause

A

1) ECHO
2) EKG and Holter if EKG normal
3) Carotid duplex

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10
Q

Strongest risk factor with strokes

A

HTN

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11
Q

Major causes of intracerebral vs subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Intracerebral-uncontrolled HTN, Subarachonid-Sacular/ berry aneurysm or AV malformation rupture

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12
Q

Tx for stroke with evidence of AFIB

A

Long term anticoagulation (eg warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban)

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13
Q

Strict contraindication tPA

A

Hemorrhagic stroke, stroke/head trauma 185/110, Platelet1.7 INR, PT>15, Increase PTT

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14
Q

Basal ganglia hemorrhage neurologic findings?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss, homonymous hemianopsia, gaze palsy

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15
Q

Cerebellum hemorrhage neurologic findings?

A

Medial vermis-vertigo and nystagmus
Later vermis-dizziness, ataxia, and weakness
-Ataxia, nystagmus, facial weakness, occipital headache and neck stiffness

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16
Q

Thalamus hemorrhage neurologic findings?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss, nonreactive miotic pupils, upgaze palsy, eyes deviate Towards hemiparesis

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17
Q

Cerebral lobe hemorrhage neurologic findings?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis (frontal lobe), contralateral hemisensory (parietal lobe), homonymous hemianopsia (occipital lobe), eyes deviate away from hemiparesis, high incidence of seizures

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18
Q

Pons hemorrhage neurologic findings?

A

Deep coma and total paralysis within minute with pinpoint reactive pupils.

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19
Q

SAH complications?

A

Rebleeding in 1st 24 hours and cerebral vasospasm after 3 days (prevent with nimodipine)

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20
Q

Cushing reflux to increased ICP?

A

Hypertension, bradycardia, decreased resp rate

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21
Q

When is imaging done for tension, migraine, cluster?

A

Unsure of diagnosis or recent started syndrome indicates head CT or MRI

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22
Q

Test pseudotumor cerebri and tx.?

A

CT or MRI to exclude mass and opening pressure >250 on LP. Tx. acetazolamide to decrease CSF and stop offending medication if applicable

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23
Q

Test giant cell?

A

Best initial: ESR. Most accurate: Biopsy

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24
Q

Tx/prophylaxis tension headache?

A

NSAIDs/acetaminophen as tx and no prophylaxis

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25
Q

Tx./ prophylaxis migraine headache?

A

tx. Triptans, IV antiemetics (chlorpromazine). Prophylaxis >3 attacks/month: propranolol

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26
Q

Tx./prophylaxis cluster headache?

A

tx.100%o2 as abortive, subcutaneous sumitriptan, octreotide. prophylaxis: verapamil, phenytoin, ergot prednisone

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27
Q

Tx. protocol 1,2,3 for trigeminal neuralgia?

A

1) Carbamazepine/oxcarbamazepine
2) Baclofen/Lamotrigine
3) Gamma knife surgery

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28
Q

When is shingles vaccine indicated?

A

> 60

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29
Q

What electrolyte does not cause seizures?

A

Potassium disorder

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30
Q

Tests before EEG with 1st unprovoked seizure

A

CMP (electrolyte, glucose, kidney func, renal function), CT/MRI, Urine drug screen

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31
Q

Tx. of status epilepticus?

A

1) Benzos
2) Phenytoin or fosphenytoin
3) Phenobarbitol
4) NM Blockade (succinylcholine, vecuronium) followed by intubation and general anesthesia after (propofol or midazolam)

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32
Q

Pheyntoin side effects?

A
  • AV block

- Hypotension

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33
Q

Consequence of prolonged seizure >5 minutes seen in status epilepticus?

A

Excitatory cytotoxicity (cortical laminar necrosis) especially common in those noncompliant to therapy

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34
Q

Complication of tonic clonic seizure?

A

Shoulder dislocation

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35
Q

Exception to rule where you should not start epileptic drug after single seizure?

A

Family hx, status epilepticus, abnormal EEG or CT lesion

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36
Q

Best test to tell if possibility of seizure recurrence?

A

Sleep deprivation EEG

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37
Q

What differentiates SAH from meningitis?

A

Loss of consciousness in 50% and very sudden onset

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38
Q

Best initial/most accurate SAH?

A

Noncontrast CT, LP showing blood w/ 1:500-1000 WBC to RBC ratio

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39
Q

Head CT w or w/o contrast indications?

A

CT w/o-suspecting blood. CT w/ cancer or infection

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40
Q

Tx. SAH?

A

1) Nimodipine, 2) Embolization (coiling), 3) VP shunt (if hydrocephalus develops), 4) Seizure prophylaxis with phenytoin

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41
Q

ASA infarction presentation?

A

Loss of all function except for the posterior column (position and vibration sensation)

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42
Q

Subacute combined degeneration presentation?

A

Loss of position and vibratory sensation (ataxic gait, paresthesia, impaired position and vibration sense)

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43
Q

Presentation and Treatment of spinal trauma?

A

Loss of reflex and motor function, hypotension. IVGlucocorticoids

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44
Q

Brown sequard presentation?

A

Pain and temp on contralateral side from injury 2 levels below and position and vibratory sense lost on ipsilateral side of injury

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45
Q

Best tx syringomyelia?

A

Surgical removal of tumor if present and drainage of fluid from cavity.

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46
Q

Best initial/most accurate brain abscess?

A

CT/MRI initial and biopsy accurate

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47
Q

Empiric tx brain abscess?

A

Penicillin + metro + ceftriaxone

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48
Q

Tuberous sclerosis symp?

A

HAMARTOMAS-Hamartomas, Ash leaf, mit regurg, angiofibroma, rhabdomyosarcoma (cardiac), tuberous sclerosis, auto dOm, mental redard, renal Angiomyolipoma, Seizure, shahgreen

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49
Q

Best diagnosis of NF2 acoustic schwannomas

A

MRI w/ gadolinium

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50
Q

NF1 presentation

A

Cafe au lait, neurofibromas (cutaneous), optic gliomas, lisch nodules (iris hamartomas),

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51
Q

NF2 presentation

A

Bilateral acoustic schwannomas, meningioma, juvenile cataracts, ependymomas

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52
Q

Sturge Weber presentation?

A

STURGE (Seizures/Stain, Tram track opposing gyri, Unilateral, Retardation, Glaucoma, Epilepsy)

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53
Q

Tx essential tremor?

A

1) propranolol 2) anticonvulsant (primodine/topiramate)

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54
Q

Parkinsons symptoms?

A

TRAPS (Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia/brady, Postural instability (orthostatic hypotension), Shuffling gait)

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55
Q

What is shy drager (multiple system atrophy)?

A

Parkinsonism, autonomi dysfunction (cholinergic), widespread neurologic signs (cerebrellar) tx. volume expansion with hydrocortisone

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56
Q

Mild disease parkinsons tx >60 or

A

> 60: amantadine (increases dopamine release from snpc) and

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57
Q

Severe disease w/ inability to care and orthostasis parkinson best initial/most effective therapy

A

Best initial: dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole) used with COMT inhibitor (tolcapone/entacopone) to reduce “on/off” phenomenon
Most effective: Levodopa/carbidopa

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58
Q

Best tx to prevent progression parkinson?

A

MAO inhibitor (rasagiline, selegiline)

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59
Q

Tx of spasticity (painful muscle contractions)?

A

Baclofen, dantrolene, and tizanadine (alpha agonist)

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60
Q

Tx RLS?

A

Mild/intermittent: Iron with

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61
Q

Symptom triad and tx in huntington?

A

Memory (dementia), Mood (psychosis w/haloperidol or quetiapine), Movement (dyskinesia tx with tetrabenazine)

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62
Q

Tourette tx?

A

Fluphenazine, pimozide, clonazepam (Cloning pimp on tour w/ flu). Methyphenidade and ADHD intrinsic to Tourette

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63
Q

LP for MS?

A

Increase protein, 50-100 WBC, increase IgG, oligoclonal bands

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64
Q

Tx for acute episode vs preventing relapse MS?

A

Acute-high dose steroids, plasmapharesis (if steroids not effective)
Relapse-B-interferon or Glatiramer

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65
Q

Patient hs worsening neurological defecits with use of chronic suppressive medication for MS with new mutiple white matter lesions. What caused it?

A

Natalizumab-alpha 4 integrin inhibitor also associated with PML

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66
Q

Diagnostic test/tx ALS?

A

Test-EMG and CPK (secondary to muscle wasting). Riluzole decreases glutamate buildup in neurons and baclofen treats spasticity. CPAP and BiPAP help with resp difficulties

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67
Q

Characteristics and Most accurate test charcot marie tooth?

A

Inverted champagne bottle legs, high arch (pes cavus), and motor and sensory loss. EMG

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68
Q

Tx. peripheral neuropathy?

A

Pregablin/gabapentin, TCA

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69
Q

Lateral cutaneous nerve percipitating event and presentation?

A

Obesity, pregnancy, and sitting with crossed legs. Pain/numbness of outer aspect of one thigh

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70
Q

Peroneal neruopathy pericpitating even and presentation?

A

High boots and pressure on back of knee. Weak foot with decreased dorsiflexion and eversion (footdrop)

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71
Q

Stroke vs bell palsy presentation”

A

stroke paralyze only lower half of face and can wrinkle forehead. Bell palsy is entire face and CANNOT wrinkle forehead

72
Q

Presentation bell palsy

A

Paralysis entire half of face, hyperacusis (no innervation to stapedius), and taste disturbances (loss of sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue)

73
Q

Best test/tx for bell palsy?

A

Test-EMG, tx is prednisone

74
Q

GBS presentation and tests?

A

Ascending weakness and decreased reflexes, best initial (PFT), EMG most accurate. CSF increased protein normal cell count (albuminocytologic dissassociation)

75
Q

Tx GBS?

A

IVIG (children) OR plasmapheresis (adults), NOT prednisone

76
Q

Best initial and most accurate test MG?

A

Best initial-acetylcholine receptor antiboides and most accurate is EMG

77
Q

Best initial and best next step treatment MG?

A

Initial: Neostigmine or pyridostigmine
If not work 60: Prednisone w/ azthioprine tacrolimus cyclophosphamide and mycophenalate used to get patient off steroids before serious adverse events

78
Q

Myasthenia crisis tx?

A

1) Endotracheal intubation

2) Meds (IVIG or plasmapharesis PLUS glucocorticoids) and hold neostigmine or pyridostimine to avoid excess.

79
Q

Workup dementia?

A

MRI, VDRL/RPR, B12, TSH

80
Q

Tx alzheimers?

A

Rivastimine, galantamine, donepezil or memantine

81
Q

Tx lewy body

A

Levodopa or carbidopa

82
Q

Tx frontotemporal

A

acetylcholine medication

83
Q

CJD tx and signs?

A

None, Rapidly progressive dementia w/ 2 of 4 clinical (myoclonus, akinetic mutism, cerebellor or visual disturbance, pyramidal/EPS dysfunction), sharp triphasic on EEG or 14-3-3 CSF. Definitive biopsy or PRNP mutation

84
Q

Triggers of vasovagal syncope?

A

Emotional distress, painful stimuli, and prolonged standing

85
Q

Why do you have peripheral visual field defect?

A

CN VI palsy (lateral rectus muscle)

86
Q

Symp of diabetic neuropathy?

A

Peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling and feeling of imbalance). Mononeuropathy (CNIII, ptosis and down and out with light reflex/accomodation intact)

87
Q

Differentiating essential, parkinson, cerebellar, and physiologic tremmor

A

Essential-resting and intention, hands, worse with caffeine and better with alcohol
Parkinson-restin and improve with intention than restarts, hands and legs, increase with mental tasks
Cerbellar-intention, assoc with ataxia, dysmetria and chronic alcoholic
Physiologic-acute (eg drugs, hyperthyroid, anxiety, caffeine) and not visible under normal conditions. Worse with activity

88
Q

What is tick borne paralysis?

A

Ascending paralysis (asymmetrical) more pronouned in 1 leg or arm with ABSENCE of fevery, sensory, and normal CSF. No autonomic dysfunction (unlike majority of patients with GBS (like lack of sweating, urinary retention, orthostasis, arrhythmias))

89
Q

Wernicke triad?

A

Encephalopathy, oculomotor dysfunction (ophthalmopletgia) and gait ataxia

90
Q

Korsakoff?

A

Present with wernicke and irreversible amnesia, confabulation

91
Q

What test may be abnormal in pseudodementia?

A

Dexamethasone suppression (abnormal) to detect endogenous depression in 50%

92
Q

Alzheimer presentation?

A

Early insidious short term memory loss followed by later personality changes. May see subcortical atrophy in parietal and temporal lobes predominate.

93
Q

Tx. delirium

A

Tx underlying condition. Typical or atypical antipsychotics for agitation and benzo for alcohol withdrawal

94
Q

Preservation of what in brain death?

A

DTR may be present b/c preservation of spinal cord function

95
Q

Most significant cause of morbidity in patients with traumatic brain injuries?

A

Diffuse axonal injury due to deceleration injury–>vegetative state

96
Q

Most common medications to cause dystonia?

A

Typical antipsychotics, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine

97
Q

Evaluation of corneal abrasion?

A

1) Penlight for defect/foreign body identification and pupillary function
2) Fluorosceine after to show corneal staining defect

98
Q

Location and management of brain metastasis?

A

Location-gray-white junction or watershed zones. Solitary (surgery) and multiple (whole brain radiation)

99
Q

MCC brain abscess from direct spread of head and neck infection?

A

Viridans or anaerobic

100
Q

MCC brain abscess after nuerosurgery or penetrating trauma direct inoculation?

A

S. aureus

101
Q

MCC brain abscess from hematongenous spread via endocarditis or osteomyelitis infection?

A

S aureus

102
Q

What level does spinal cord end at?

A

L1-L2

103
Q

Presentation of sellar masses?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia, headache, diplopia, pituitary hormonal deficiency

104
Q

Presentation of central cord syndrome?

A

weakness more pronounced in upper extremities than lower and possible pain and temp sensation loss due to damage of spinothalamic tract seen in hyperextension injuries with preexisting degenerative changes to cervical spine

105
Q

Presbycusis symptoms?

A

High freq hearing impariment difficulty hearing in crowded or noisy environments and trouble hearing high pitched noises

106
Q

Metoclopramide MOA, effect, and side effects?

A

MOA prokinetic agent that is a dopamine receptor antagonist, treat nausea vomiting and gastroparesis, side effects: agitation, loose stools, drug induced EPS (tardive dyskinesia, dystonic rxns, and parkinsonism) tx. with benztropine or diphenhydramine

107
Q

Best test for detecting vasopasm in SAH patients

A

CT Angiography

108
Q

Aminoglycoside toxicity?

A

Ototoxicity (hearing loss) by damaging the cochlear cells and in some cases vestibulopathy (motion-sensitive hair cell damage)

109
Q

What are lewy bodies?

A

Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions representing alpha-synuclein protein

110
Q

Cause of myasthenic crisis?

A

1) infection or surgery
2) Pregnancy or childbirth
3) Tapering immunosuppressive drugs
4) Medications (eg aminoglycosides, fluoro, macro, B-blocker)

111
Q

Symptoms myasthenia gravis?

A

Extraocular (ptosis, dipolia), bulbar (eg fatigable chewing, dysphagia, nasal speech), proximal limb, and resp muscles

112
Q

What does motor control of eye muscles?

A

LR6SO4R3

113
Q

Most common sacular (berry) aneurysm location and symptoms?

A

Located at branch points of circle of willis. Most commonly ACom and Anterior cerebral . Can present with bitemporal hemianopsia because of optic chiasm compression

114
Q

Second most common saccular (berry) aneurysm location and symptoms?

A

Located at PCA and PCom can lead to CNIII palsy (Down and out with blown pupil and no afferent light reflex)

115
Q

Glucocorticoids vs PMR myopathy?

A

Glucocorticoid progressive proximal muscle weakness and atrophy without pain or tenderness, lower extremity more with normal ESR/CK, PMR with pain and stiffness in shoulder and pelvic girdle with rapid steroid response and increased ESR with normal CK

116
Q

What situation is LP contraindicated?

A

Acute head trauma, signs of intracranial HTN (ie papilledema) or suspicion for SAH. only do w/ NEG CT/MRI

117
Q

What causes conduction velocity to be slowed?

A

Demyelination. watch out in GBS and MS

118
Q

What causes EMG to show fasiculations or fibrillations at rest?

A

LMN (peripheral nerve problem)

119
Q

What causes EMG with no muscle acivity at rest and decreased amplitude of muscle contraction with stimulation?

A

Intrinisc muscle disease as muscular dystrophies and inflammatory myopathies (Eg polymyositis)

120
Q

Area involved when ignoring one side of body, trouble with dressing

A

nondominant parietal lobe

121
Q

CN for midbrain, pons, medulla respectively?

A

CN III/IV-midbrain
V, VI, VII, VIII-pons
IX,X,XI, and XII-medulla

122
Q

Direct spread via otitis media/mastoiditis affected area in brain?

A

Temporal lobe/cerebellum

123
Q

Direct spread via frontal or ethmoid sinusitis affected area in brain?

A

Frontal lobe

124
Q

Direct spread via dental infection affected area in brain?

A

Frontal lobe

125
Q

Bacteremia from other sites of infection, cyanotic, heart disease?

A

Multple abscesses along distribution of middle cerebral artery (gray-white matter junction)

126
Q

TOF heart disease increased risk?

A

Bacterial abscess secondary to R–>L shunt w/o bypassing pulm circulation where bacteria typically filtered and removed by phago

127
Q

Gene mutation in NF1 and NF2 respectively

A

NF1 tumor suppressor gene codes for neurofibromin on chromosome 17. NF2 tumor suppressor codes for merlin on chromosome 22

128
Q

Broca and Wernicke aphasia?

A

Broca-motor aphasia

Wernicke-receptive aphasia

129
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule (lacunar infarct) clinical presentation?

A

Unilateral motor impairment (face, arm and to lesser extent leg), no sensory or cortical deficits, no visual field abnormalities

130
Q

MCA occlusion?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss predominantly in upper limp and face. Homonymous hemianopsia with deviation of eye toward infarct

131
Q

ACA occlusion?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory predom in lower extremity. Abulia (lack or willor initiative). Dyspraxia, emotional disturbance, urinary incontinence

132
Q

Vertebrobasilar system lesion (supplying brain stem)

A

-Alternate syndromes with contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral CN involvement with possible ataxia

133
Q

Stroke in the VPL nucleus of thalamus?

A

Unilateral numbness, paresthesias, and hemisensory deficit involving face, arm, trunk, and leg (pure sensory)

134
Q

Lacunar infarction of anterior limb of internal capsule?

A

Weakness more prominent in lower extremity along with ipsilateral arm and leg incoordination

135
Q

Lacunar stroke at the basis pontis?

A

Dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome with hand weakness, mild motor aphasia, no sensory abnormalities.

136
Q

Vestibulocerebellar symptoms of wallenberg syndrome (lateral medullary infarct)?

A

Vertigo, falling to side of lesion, difficulty sitting upright without support, diplopia and nystagmus, ipsilateral limb ataxia

137
Q

Sensory symptoms of wallenberg syndrome?

A

Loss of pain and temp on ipsilateral face and contralateral trunk and limps

138
Q

Ipisilateral bulbar muscle weakness of wallenberg?

A

Dysphagia and aspiration. Dysarthria and hoarseness

139
Q

Autonomic dysfunction of wallenberg?

A

Ipsilateral Horner’s (PAM), lack of autonomic respiration during sleep

140
Q

Posterior (dorsal) cord syndrome?

A

Bilateral loss of vibratory and propioceptive sensation, often with weakness, paresthesias, and urinary incontinence or retention

141
Q

Anterior (ventral) cord syndrome?

A

Bilateral spastic motor paresis distal to lesion nad loss of pain and temp on both sides below the lesion with intact propioception

142
Q

Differences in conus medullaris vs cauda equina?

A

Cauda (peripheral LMN)-hyporeflexia, asymmetric motor weakness and late-onset bowel/bladder dysfunction
Conus-hyperreflexia, symmetric motor weakness, early-onset bowel/bladder dysfunction

143
Q

Ataxic, staggering, wide-based gait area affected?

A

Cerebellum

144
Q

Magnetic (freezin) start and turn hesitation gait?

A

Gait apraxia (frontal lobe signs)

145
Q

Short steps, shuffling that is hypokinetic

A

Parkinsonian

146
Q

Footdrop, excessive hip and knee flexion with slapping quality?

A

steppage from motor neuropathy commonly the peroneal nerve

147
Q

Unsteady, falling to one side with sensation of ear fullness due to abnormal accumulation of endolymph?

A

Acute labyrinthitis or meniere disease (vestibular gait)

148
Q

Cause of BPPV?

A

crystalline deposits (canaliths) in the semicircular canals that disrupt the normal flow of fluid in the vestibular system

149
Q

Meniere disease presentation?

A

Ear fullness causing unilateral tinnitus and hearing loss with episodic vertigo

150
Q

BPPV presentation?

A

Brief positional changes causing vertigo WITHOUT neurologic or auditory symptoms

151
Q

Vestibular neuritis vs Labyrinthitous presentation?

A

Post viral with vertigo. Hearing loss in labyrinthitis and no hearing loss in neuritis.

152
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Bony overgrowth of stapes associated with low-frequency hearing loss found in middle aged 20s-30s

153
Q

Side effect levodopa plus carbidopa?

A

Somnolence, confusion, hallucinations (older patients), dyskinesia

154
Q

Trihexyphenidyl or benztropine side effects?

A

Anticholinergic (hot as hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, and full as a flask)

155
Q

Amantadine side effect?

A

Ankle edema nd livedo reticularis

156
Q

Entacapone or tolcapone side effects?

A

Dyskinesia, hallucinations, confusion, nausea and orthostatic hypotension

157
Q

Selegeline side effect?

A

Insomnia and confusion

158
Q

EPS effects and treatments?

A

Acute dystonia (4hour)-tx with benztropine or diphenhydramine, Akathisia(restlessness). tx with benzo. Parkinsonism (4 week) with no effective tx. Tardive dyskinesia (4 months) with no effective tx.

159
Q

Pronator drift is a sensitive and specific finding for what?

A

UMN disease

160
Q

Right anopsia location of lesion?

A

Right optic nerve

161
Q

Left homonymous hemianopsia location of lesion?

A

Right optic tract

162
Q

LUQ anopsia?

A

Right optic radiation in right temporal lobe

163
Q

LLQ anopsia

A

Right optic radiation in right parietal lobe

164
Q

Left homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing?

A

Right occipital lobe (from PCA occlusion)

165
Q

Lesion causing loss of gag reflex and loss of taste in posterior 2/3rd of tonuge?

A

CN IX lesion

166
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hoarseness dysphagia and loss of gag or cough reflex?

A

CN X lesion

167
Q

CN XI lesion?

A

Look away from lesion and ipsilateral shoulder droop secondary to loss of innervation of SCM and trapezius

168
Q

CN XII lesion?

A

Protruded tongue deviates to same side as lesion

169
Q

First line agents of simple seizure?

A

Carbamazepine, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and levetiracetam

170
Q

First line complex partial/tonic clonic?

A

Valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetem

171
Q

First line absence?

A

Ethosuximide and valproate

172
Q

Secondary seizure tx.

A

Benzo and/or phenytoin or fosssphneytoin

173
Q

What is hemiballismus (random,violent, unilateral flailing of limbs) caused by?

A

Subthalamic nucleus lesion

174
Q

Test for peripheral neuropathy?

A

Nerve conduction studies

175
Q

Tx organophosphate (inhibition of AChE) poisoning?

A

Atropine or pralidoxime

176
Q

4 Classic signs of basilar skull fracture?

A

-CSF otorrhea or rhinorrhea, hemotympanum, postauricular ecchymosis, periorbital ecchymosis (“raccoon eyes”)

177
Q

1 sign og increased ICP?

A

Bilateral dilated and fixed pupils

Step 2 CK (16 decks)

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