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step 1 - embryo > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what causes differentiation of ectoderm –> neuroectoderm?

A

notochord (mesoderm)

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2
Q

what does the neural plate –> ?

A

neural tube

neural crest cells

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3
Q

alar vs basal plate?

A 
alar = dorsal = sensory
basal = ventral = motor
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4
Q

primary vesicles of brain?

A 
forebrain = prosencephalon
midbrain = mesencephalon
hindbrain = rhombencephalon
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5
Q

secondary vesicles of brain?

A

forebrain –> telencephalon, diencephalon
midbrain –> mesencephalon
hindbrain –> metencephalon, myelencephalon

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6
Q

derivatives of telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres

lateral ventricles

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7
Q

derivatives of diencephalon?

A

thalamus

third ventricle

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8
Q

derivatives of mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

aqueduct

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9
Q

derivatives of metencephalon?

A

pons
cerebellum
upper part of fourth ventricle

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10
Q

derivatives of myelencephalon?

A

medulla

lower part of fourth ventricle

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11
Q

derivatives of neuroectoderm?

A

CNS neurons
ependymal cells
oligodendroglia
astrocytes

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12
Q

derivatives of neural crest?

A

PNS

Schwann cells

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13
Q

neurological derivatives of mesoderm?

A

microglia

notochord –> nucleus pulposus

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14
Q

when should the neuropores of the NT fuse?

A

4th week

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15
Q

NT defects - cause, dx?

A

cause: low folic acid intake
dx: increased AFP (amniotic fluid and maternal serum); increased AChE in amniotic fluid

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16
Q

no forebrain, open calvarium, assoc with maternal T1DM?

A

anencephaly
increased AFP, polyhydramnios (no swallowing)
** give folate to decrease risk

17
Q

range of presentations from cleft lip/palate –> cyclopia?

A

holoprosencephaly
failure of L/R hemispheres to separate - weeks 5-6
related to SHH mutations
Patau, fetal alcohol

18
Q

herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum?

A

Chiari II malformation
get aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus
often presents with lumbosacral emningomyelocele, paralysis below defect

19
Q

agenesis of cerebellar vermis, enlarged 4th ventricle?

A

Dandy-Walker malformation

associated with hydrocephalus, spina bifida

20
Q

capelike B/L loss of pain and temperature, fine touch preserved?

A

syringomyelia
most common C8-T1
assoc with Chiari malformations, trauma, tumors

21
Q

cerebellar tonsillar ectopia >3-5 mm, H/A, cerebellar symptoms?

A

Chiari II malformation
congenital
usually asx in childhood

22
Q

which branchial arches contribute to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

1 and 2

–> sensation = CN V3, taste = CN VII

23
Q

which branchial arches contribute to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

3 and 4

–> sensation and taste CN IX; far posterior = CN X

24
Q

motor innervation of tongue?

A

CN XII –> hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus

CN X –> palatoglossus

step 1 - embryo (7 decks)

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