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step 1 - embryo > general > Flashcards

general Flashcards

1
Q

at base of limbs, ant-post patterning, CNS development?

A

sonic hedgehog

** mutation –> holoprosencephaly

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2
Q

at apical ectodermal ridge, dorsal-ventral patterning?

A

wnt-7

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3
Q

at apical ectodermal ridge, mesoderm mitosis, limb lengthening?

A

FGF

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4
Q

segmental patterning, cranio-caudal, transcription factors?

A

Hox

** mutation –> appendages in wrong locations

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5
Q

when does hCG secretion and blastocyst implantation happen?

A

day 6 (or w/in week 1)

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6
Q

when is the embryo a bilaminar disk?

A

within week 2

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7
Q

when is the embryo a trilaminar disk?

A

within week 3

** gastrulation makes bilaminar –> trilaminar
formation of primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm, neural plate

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8
Q

when does neural tube close?

A

week 4

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9
Q

when is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens?

A

weeks 3-8: when organogenesis is happening

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10
Q

when does the heart begin to beat?

A

week 4

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11
Q

when do the limb buds begin to form?

A

week 4

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12
Q

when can you see the heart on TVUS?

A

week 6

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13
Q

when do the genitalia have M/F characteristics?

A

week 10

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14
Q

what are derivatives of the surface ectoderm?

A 
epidermis
adenohypophysis (from Rathke's pouch)
lens
epithelial linings (oral, ear, olfactory)
episdermis
anal canal below pectinate line
parotid/sweat/mammary glands
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15
Q

what are derivatives of the neuroectoderm?

A

CNS: CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependyma, pineal gland
retina
optic nerve
spinal cord

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16
Q

what are derivates of the neural crest?

A 
PNS: dorsal root ganglion, cranial nn, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, ANS
melanocytes
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
parafollicular cells
pia and arachnoid
skull bones
odontoblasts
aorticopulmonary septum
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17
Q

what are derivatives of the mesoderm?

A 
mm
bone 
connective tissue
serous linings of body cavities
spleen
kidneys
blood
wall of gut tube
etc
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18
Q

what does the notochord do?

A

mesodermal
induces ectoderm –> neuroectoderm (neural plate)
becomes nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

what are derivatives of the endoderm?

A

gut tube epithelium
anal canal above pectinate line
most of urethra
luminal epithelial derivatives - lungs, liver, GB, pancreas, eustachian tube, etc

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20
Q

what is a craniopharyngioma?

A

benign Rathke’s pouch tumor (surface ectoderm)
cholesterol crystals
calcifications

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21
Q

VACTERL?

A 
mesodermal defects
vertebra
anal atresia
cardiac
tracheo-esophageal
renal
limb (bone and mm)
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22
Q

what is the difference bw agenesis and aplasia?

A

agenesis: primordial tissue absent
aplasia: primordial tissue present, but organ absent

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23
Q

what is the difference bw deformation and malformation?

A

deformation: extrinsic disruption
malformation: intrinsic disruption - happens during embryonic period

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24
Q

what is disruption?

A

secondary breakdown of normal tissue/structure

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25
Q

teratogenic effects - ACEis?

A

renal damage

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26
Q

teratogenic effects - alkylating agents?

A

absence of digits

multiple anomalies

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27
Q

teratogenic effects - aminoglycosides?

A

CN VIII toxicity

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28
Q

teratogenic effects - carbamazepine?

A

facial dysmorphism
developmental delay
NT defects
phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia

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29
Q

teratogenic effects - DES?

A

vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

congenital Mullerian anomalies

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30
Q

teratogenic effects - folate antagonists?

A

NT defects

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31
Q

teratogenic effects - isotretinoin?

A

ALL OF THE THINGS. don’t get pregnant.

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32
Q

teratogenic effects - lithium?

A

Ebstein anomaly –> tricuspid into RV

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33
Q

teratogenic effects - methimazole?

A

aplasia cutis congenita

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34
Q

teratogenic effects - phenytoin?

A

fetal hydantoin syndrome: cleft palate, cardiac defects, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia

35
Q

teratogenic effects - tetracyclines?

A

discolored teeh

36
Q

teratogenic effects - thalidomide?

A

limb defects

37
Q

teratogenic effects - VPA?

A

NT defects (via inhib of maternal folate absorption)

38
Q

teratogenic effects - warfarin?

A

bone deformities
fetal hemorrhage
abortion
ophth abnormalities

** heparin for anticoag in preggos

39
Q

teratogenic effects - cocaine?

A

abnormal growth
fetal addiction
placental abruption

40
Q

teratogenic effects - smoking?

A

low birth weight
preterm labor
placental probs
ADHD

** nicotine –> vasoconstriction; CO –> low O2 delivery

41
Q

teratogenic effects - iodine?

A 
congenital goiter (deficiency)
hypothyroidism (excess)
42
Q

teratogenic effects - maternal diabetes?

A

caudal regression syndrome
heart defects
NT defects

43
Q

teratogenic effects - vit A excess?

A

spontaneous abortions
cleft palate
cardiac defects

44
Q

teratogenic effects - X rays?

A

microcephaly

intellectual disability

45
Q

smooth philtrum, heart-lung fistula, holoprosencephaly, limb dislocation?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

** failure of cell migration

46
Q

cleavage after which point gives you monochorionic twins?

A

morula (in the 4-8 day range)

47
Q

cleavage after which point gives you monoamniotic twins?

A

blastocyst (in the 8-12 day range)

48
Q

cleavage after which point gives you conjoined twins?

A

formed embryonic disc (> 13 days)

49
Q

which component of placenta makes cells?

A

cytotrophoblast

  • fetal component
  • inner layer of chorionic villi
50
Q

which component of placenta makes hCG?

A

syncytiotrophoblast

  • fetal component
  • outer layer of chorionic villi
  • lacks MHCI - low immunogenicity for maternal system
51
Q

what is the decidua basalis?

A

maternal component of placenta
derived from endometrium
maternal blood in lacunae

52
Q

how many umbilical arteries are there?

A

2!

53
Q

where do the umbilical arteries and veins come from?

A

allantois

54
Q

urachal abnormalities?

A
  • patent urachus: total failure to obliterate –> urine from umbilicus
  • urachal cyst: partial failure, fluid-filled cavity, can –> infection, adenocarcinoma
  • vesicourachal diverticulum: slight failure, bladder outpouching
55
Q

vitelline duct abnormalities?

A

should obliterate in 7th week

  • vitelline fistula: fails to close –> meconium from umbilicus
  • Meckel: partial closure; true diverticulum, heterotopic gastric/pancreatic tissue, melena/hematochezia/abdominal pain
56
Q

derivative of 1st aortic arch?

A

maxillary artery

57
Q

derivative of 2nd aortic arch?

A

stapedial and hyoid aa

58
Q

derivative of 3rd aortic arch?

A

common carotid and prox int carotid

59
Q

derivative of 4th aortic arch?

A

L: aortic arch
R: prox subclavian

60
Q

derivative of 6th aortic arch?

A

prox pulm aa

ductus arteriosus

61
Q

branchial cleft derivatives?

A

1st –> ext auditory meatus
2nd –> temporary cervical sinuses

** if sinuses persist, LATERAL neck mass

62
Q

cartilage from 1st branchial arch?

A

Meckel: mandible, malleus, incus, spheno-mandibular ligament

63
Q

mm from 1st branchial arch?

A 
mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids)
mylohyoid
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
anterior digastric
64
Q

nerves from 1st branchial arch?

A

CN V2 and V3

65
Q

mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate

66
Q

cartilage from 2nd branchial arch?

A

Reichert: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

67
Q

mm from 2nd branchial arch?

A 
facial expression
stapedius
stylohyoid
platysma
posterior digastric
68
Q

nerves from 2nd branchial arch?

A

VII

69
Q

fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck?

A

congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

persistence of 2nd pharyngeal arch and pouch

70
Q

cartilage from 3rd branchial arch?

A

greater horn of hyoid

71
Q

mm from 3rd branchial arch?

A

stylopharyngeus

72
Q

nerves from 3rd branchial arch?

A

CN IX

73
Q

cartilage from 4th/6th branchial arches?

A 
thyroid
cricoid
arytenoids
corniculate
cuneiform
74
Q

mm from 4th branchial arch?

A

pharyngeal constrictors
cricothyroid
levator veli palatini

75
Q

mm from 6th branchial arch?

A

intrinsic mm of larynx

76
Q

nerves from 4th branchial arch?

A

CN X - superior branch

77
Q

nerves from 6th branchial arch?

A

CN X - recurrent branch

78
Q

derivatives of 1st branchial pouch?

A

middle ear cavity
eustachian tube
mastoid air cells

79
Q

derivatives of 2nd branchial pouch?

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

80
Q

derivatives of 3rd branchial pouch?

A

dorsal wings –> inferior parathyroids

ventral wings –> thymus

81
Q

derivatives of 4th branchial pouch?

A

dorsal wings –> superior parathyroids

82
Q

branchial pouches involved in MEN2a?

A

parathyroid tumor: 3rd/4th

medullary thyroid ca (parafollicular cells): 4th/5th

83
Q

failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes?

A

cleft lip

failure of 1ary palate formation

84
Q

failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes or fusion of lateral palatine processes with nasal septum and/or median palatine process?

A

cleft palate

failure of 2ary palate formation

step 1 - embryo (7 decks)

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