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MSK test 2 > neuro 2 > Flashcards

neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what protects the CNS

A
  1. bone
    -skull
    -vertebral collumn
  2. connective tissues
    -meningeal layers
    dura matter
    arachnoid mater
    pia mater
  3. fluid
    -cerebrospinal fluid
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2
Q

what are the 3 meningeal layers

A

dura mater= tough outer layer

arachnoid mater= web like middle layer

pia mater= delicate thin inner layer

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3
Q

meninges of the brain

A

skull

epidural space (pathoglogy)

layer 1: dura mater
1. periosteal (adhere to bone)
2. meningeal (forms dural folds for venous sinuses)

subdural space (pathology)

layer 2: arachnoid mater
-arachnoid villus/ granulations are small protrusions of arachnoid through the dura mater

space 1: subarachnoid space
-CSF is here

layer 3: Pia mater
-tightly adhered to neural tissue

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4
Q

which spaces are pathology and which one isn’t for the brain

*

A

pathology:
epidural space (btwn skull and dura)
subdural (btwn dura and arachnoid)

normal:
subarachnoid (btwn arachnoid and pia)

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5
Q

what are the layers of dura matter

A

periosteal dura (outer)

meningeal dura (inner)
-forms folds of tissue that seperate cranial cavity into sections
-seperated by venous sinuses

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6
Q

what are the dural reflections

A

-folds that seperate the cranial cavity into compartments

-falx cerebri: divides hemispheres of cerebrum (L and R)

-tentorium cerebelli: divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum

fall cerebelli: divides the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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7
Q

dura sinuses

A

superior sagittal sinus –> confluence of sinuses

inferior sagital sinus –> straight sinus –> confluence of sinus

from confluence of sinus –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> internal jugular

  • these all drain the cortex

the cavernous sinus drains the eye, nose, mouth

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8
Q

which sinus is seperate from the rest

A

the cavernous sinus drains the eye, nose, mouth

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9
Q

meninges of the spinal cord

A

vertebral column

space 1: epidural space

layer 1: dura mater
-1 layer; meningeal layer

subdural space (pathology)

layer 2: arachnoid mater
-web like

space 2: subarachnoid space
-CSF

layer 3: pia mater
-adhere to neural tissue

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10
Q

main different between meninges of brain and spinal cord

A

in spinal cord there is an epidural space which isn’t pathological and the dura mater only has 1 layer

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11
Q

dura mater of spinal cord

what does it have?

and which space is above it

A

sac that covers the spinal cord with bony attachments at foramen magnum, C1-C2 and the level of S2 “dural sleeve”
-surrounding this layer is the epidural space which contains fat, CT, blood vessel

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12
Q

arachnoid of spinal cord

and which space is deep to it

A

middle layer of avascular CT with collagen and elastic fibers

deep to the arachnoid layer is the subarachnoid space containing CSF

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13
Q

pia mater of spinal cord

what ligaments are made

A

denticulate liagemtns are thickenings of the pia mater that suspend the spinal cord in the middle of the dural sheath

located between ventral and dorsal nerve roots

protect the spinal cord against shock and sudden displacement/trauma

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14
Q

parts of termination of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris
cauda equina
dural sac/sleeve
lumbar cistern
filum terminale

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15
Q

conus medullaris

A

-end of spinal cord
-L1/2 in adults
-L4 in kids

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16
Q

cauda equina

A

-remaingin spinal cords
-horses tails

17
Q

dural sac/sleeve

A

dura mater surrounds cauda quinta ending at S2 forming a sac of sleeve

18
Q

lumbar cistern

A

filled with CSF
-enlargement of subarachnoid space between conus medullaris (L2) and end of dural sac (S2)f

19
Q

filum terminale

A

-tethers spinal cord to coccyx
-not a neural structure

-extension of pia mater
-runs from census medullariei to coccyx; anchors dural sac and conus medullaris to coccyx

20
Q

what is the ventricular system of the CNS made of

A

2 lateral ventricles (found in all 4 lobes)

third ventricle (found between thalamic nuclei)

cerebral aqueduct (runs through midbrain)

fourth ventricle (found between pons and cerebellum)

–> communicating network of cavities deep within the tissue of the brain

21
Q

choroid plexus and CSF

A

choroid plexuses are specialized arterial plexuses located within the ventricular spaces which functions to produce CSF from arterial blood

-this clear fluid flows through the ventricular system and performs the following functions;
-serrves as nutrient delivery and waste removal system for brain tissue
-enters subarachnoid space to provide fluid cushion around brain and spinal cord

-unidirectional flow of CSF

-absorbed by the venous system after it performed its role in the CNS

22
Q

what is CSF made of an exit as

A

made of arterial blood and exits alongside venous blood

23
Q

what is the flow of CSF

A

left and right lateral ventricles –> (inter ventricular foramina) –> 3rd ventricle –> (cerebral aqueduct) –> 4th ventricle –> continues inferiorly to central canal

OR at 4th ventricle exits system via 2 lateral or 1 median foramina (circulates external to brain and spinal cord) –> subarachnoid space –> (arachnoid granulations) –> venous sinuses –> internal jugular vein –> heart for reoxygenation

lateral
3rd
4th
subarachnoid
granulation/villi
venous sinus
heart

24
Q

what are the 2 main blood supply systems of the brain

A
  1. vertebra-basilar system
    -vertebral arteries
    -basillar arteries
    -posterior cerebral arteries (occipital lobe cortical blindness)
    -posterior communicating arteries
    -posterior anterior inferior cerebrellar artery
    -superior cerebellar
  2. carotid system
    -middle cerebral artery
    -anterior cerebral artery
    -anterior communicating artery
25
Q

which arteries make up the circle of willis (6)

–> connects anterior and posterior circulations

A
  1. anterior communicating
  2. anterior cerebral
  3. internal caroitd
  4. posterior communicating
  5. posterior cerebral
26
Q

which lobes do the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries supply?

which is worse to damage

A

anterior- frontal, parietal

middle- frontal, parietal, temporal
–> worst to damage

posterior- occipital, temporal, parietal

27
Q

arteries of spinal cord

A

cervical spine: anterior spinal artery and vertebral artery

thoracic vertebrae: posterior intercostal arteries

lumbar vertebrae: lumbar arteries

posterior spinal artery does 1/3
anterior spinal artery does 2/3

MSK test 2 (6 decks)

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