neuro 1 Flashcards
cns vs pns component
Brian, spinal cord
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory receptors in skin, enteric plexuses in small intestine
parts of motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent) divisions of PNS
sensory: somatic sensory (general), special sensory, visceral sensory
motor: somatic nervous system (skeletal muscles), autonomic nervous system (cardiac and smooth muscle and glands)
-ANS into parasympathetic and sympathetic and enteric nervous system (GI)
somatic sensory (general), special sensory, visceral sensory
somatic; general; touch, temp, tickle, pressure, pain, propriocept, vibration
special; (in the face); sight, smell, taste, hear, balance
visceral; pain, organ wall stretch, pressure, ph, osmolarity
somatic motor and autonomic motor
somatic- voluntary control of skeletal muscles
autonomic- involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscle (no on or off its either in sympathetic or parasympatehic)
4 parts of brain and subparts
cerebrum
-frontal
-partietal
-occipital
-temporal
-insula
diencephalon
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithalamus
cerebellum
brainstem
-medulla
-pons
-midbrain
gray matter and white matter of CNS
gray; nerve cell bodies, unmyelinated nerve fibres, glial cells (neuroglia)
white matter; myelinated tracts or fasciculi
cluster of nerve cell obese in pns vs cns
cns= nucleus
pns= ganglion
embroyogy
PTD
prosencephalon (forebrain) –> telechepahlon and diencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
RMM
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) –> metencephalon and myelencepahlon
prosencephalon (forebrain) –> telechepahlon and diencephalon
what are the parts of tele and die
tele: cerebrum
die: hypo, epi, thalamus
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) –> metencephalon and myelencepahlon
what are the parts of met and mye
met- pons, cerebellum
mye- medulla
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
what are the of mes
midbrain
neurons and neuroglia
neurons: functional unit, singlas travel
neuroglia: support, nourish, clean
grey matter vs white matter
grey: cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals
- @ synapses
-cerebreal cortex, cortical nuclei/diencephalon
-grey horns of spinal cord
white: axons bundles
-signals travel
-cerebral tracts
-white columns of spinal cord
-peripheral nerves
-spinal pathways
nucleus vs ganglion
tracts/ fasiculi vs nerve
nucleus= gray matter in CNS
ganglion= Gray matter in PNS
tracts/fasiculi= white matter in CNS
nerve= white matter in PNS
cerebrum
lobes and function
what separate the hemispheres
sulci- what are the 3?
gyri
fissure
left and right hemisphere via longitudinal fissure
frontal- motor
parietal- sensory
temporal-auditory
occipital- visual
insula- taste
gyri= folds
sulci= furrows
fissure= deep sulcus
- central sulcus
- lateral suclus
- parieto-occiptal sulcus
- central sulcus
- lateral suclus
- parieto-occiptal sulcus
what do they seperate
- frontal from parietal
- superior temporal from frontal and parietal
- parietal from occipital
lobes functions
motor and special sensation
frontal- motor, cognition
ss: smell
parietal- sensory (general- pain, pressure, touch, tickle, vibration)
ss: taste
temporal-memories
ss: auditory
occipital- process visuals
ss: visual
insula- taste
what is insula deep to
frontal and temporal lobes
what makes the white matter of the cerebrum and what are they made of and function
cluster of nuclei in the white matter= basal ganglia
basal ganglia: caudate, lenticular (putamen and globus pallidus) –> motor function coordination
3 types of fibre connecting white matter (basal ganglia) in the cerebrum
- association fibres; within hemisphere
- commissural fibres; between hemispheres
-corpus collasum - projectional fibres; cerebral cortex to or from lower areas
-internal capsule
three major areas of each cerebral hemispoher
primary sensory areas
primary motor areas
association areas (sensory and motor)
PNS tract–> thalamus as relay then go to appropriate cortical area
primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex… pre or post central gyrus
motor: precentral gyrus
sensory: postcentral gyrus
brocas vs wernickes
brocas for motor speech
wernickes to interpret and understand language
primary somatosensory area
primary visual area
primary auditory area
primary gustatory area
primary olfactory area
somatosensory; postcentral gyrus
–> cortical mapping homunculus
visual; occipital lobe
auditory; temporal lobe
gustatory; insula
olfactory; temporal
primary motor area
-corticobulbar tract
-corticospinal tract
start from pyramidal cells in pre central gyrus of frontal lobe (pyramidal tract)
-also a homunculus (hand and face most)
voluntary movements
get input from premotor area, sensory cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum
premotor area
in front of primary motor area
its where the movements are learned and preformed several times; stored as an algorithm
Frontal eye field
pre motor area
-voluntary, synchronized mvoemtn of eyeballs
left centre makes both eyes go right
right centre makes both eyes go left
brocas area
pre central gyrus, left side of brain
motor signals for voice
-speak word
-broaca aphasia; can understand speech, but cant speak
wernickes area
left tempororparietal junction
for understanding language
wernickes aphasia; empty, fluent speech, cant comprehend
where do wernickes and brocas connect
arcuate fascicules - white matter tract
if damage tract= conduction aphasia
-cant comprehend and articulate
-cant repeat heard speech
association area
adjacent to primary areas; create comprehensive perception
-integrate and interpret signals
-store in long term memory
-somatosensory association cortex
-visual association area
-audtiory association area
-astereognosis- cant recognize an object placed in hand
common integrative area
integrate signals from primary areas
left vs right hemisphere function
left: receive somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on right side of body
-spoken and written language
right: receives somatic sensory signals and controls muscles on left side of body
diencephalon
thalamus; mostly sensory nuclei, processing and distrubtuioon centre, relay info
-conscounsess, sleep, attention, memroy
-relay all senses but smell
hypothalamus; autonomic nervous system
-emotion, temp, eat, drink, endocrine (pituaity gland)
epithalamus; pineal gland, circadian rhythm and distribute pigment melanin in skin
which one sense does thalamus not relay
smell
cerebellum
what are the 3 bilaterally paired major fibre tracts, cerebellar penduncles
what are the nuclei found here
two cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis
-coordinate voluntary movement, maintain posture and balance
- superior cerebellar peduncle; connect cerebellum to red nucleus of midbrain and thalamus
- middle cerebellar peduncles; connect pontine nuclei of pons and cerebellum
- inferior cerebellar peducnels; carry axons between medulla and cerebellum ie.e spinocerebellar tracts
deep cerebellar nuclei: fastigial, globose, emboli form, dentate
globose + emboliform= interposed nucleus
folds= folia
what are the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei
deep cerebellar nuclei: fastigial, globose, emboli form, dentate
globose + emboliform= interposed nucleus
brainstem
components
functions
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
- passageway for ascend and descent tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
- nuclei for CN III to XII
- regulate automatic behaviour for survival, like breathing
midbrain
top of brainstem
cerebral peduncles; descending tracts (crus cerebri)
4 elevations; superior and inferior colliculi; relay center for visual and auditory
red nucleus- rubrospinal tract
substantia nigra- link to basal ganglia, voluntary movements
tectum (roof), tegmentum
periadquductal gray matter- natural painkillers (endorphins and enkephalins)
nuclei in the midbrain
red nucleus and substantial nigra
substantia nighra for what
in midbrain, linked to basal ganglia for voluntary mvoemtn
periaqueductal gray matter;
natural painkillers
in brain
pons
part of brainstem
-motor control to respiration- pneumotaxic and bpneustic area
basilar sulcus
cranial nerves VI VII VIII emerge
pontine nuclei; relay center for motor pathway for voluntary
what nuclei in pons
pontine nuclei
medulla oblognata
part of brainstem
-cardiovascular center, respiratoryu, vomit, cough, sneeze
pontomedulalry sulcus
pyramid
olive has olivary nucleus
CN IX X XI XII emerge
decussation (cross over) of corticospinal tracts
inferior olivary nucleus-relay center for proprioceptive info
nucleus gracilis and nucleis cuneatus- posterior column medial lemniscus
nuclei in medulla oblongata
olivary nucleus
inferior olivary nucleus-relay center for proprioceptive info
nucleus gracilis and nucleis cuneatus- posterior column medial lemniscus
where do corticospinal tracts decussate. cross over
medulla @ pyramids
reticular formation
part of brainstem
collection of nuclei
control skeletal mucscle, pain modular, control autonomic and endocrine system, circadian rhythm, consciousness
-prevent sensory overload
RAS ascending reticular activating system
filter sensory signals
-disrupt flow of some stimuli
constant humming sound is eliminated i.e
-circaidan, sleep wake, muscle tone
