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MSK test 2 > neuro 1 > Flashcards

neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cns vs pns component

A

Brian, spinal cord

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory receptors in skin, enteric plexuses in small intestine

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2
Q

parts of motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent) divisions of PNS

A

sensory: somatic sensory (general), special sensory, visceral sensory

motor: somatic nervous system (skeletal muscles), autonomic nervous system (cardiac and smooth muscle and glands)
-ANS into parasympathetic and sympathetic and enteric nervous system (GI)

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3
Q

somatic sensory (general), special sensory, visceral sensory

A

somatic; general; touch, temp, tickle, pressure, pain, propriocept, vibration

special; (in the face); sight, smell, taste, hear, balance

visceral; pain, organ wall stretch, pressure, ph, osmolarity

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4
Q

somatic motor and autonomic motor

A

somatic- voluntary control of skeletal muscles

autonomic- involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscle (no on or off its either in sympathetic or parasympatehic)

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5
Q

4 parts of brain and subparts

A

cerebrum
-frontal
-partietal
-occipital
-temporal
-insula

diencephalon
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithalamus

cerebellum

brainstem
-medulla
-pons
-midbrain

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6
Q

gray matter and white matter of CNS

A

gray; nerve cell bodies, unmyelinated nerve fibres, glial cells (neuroglia)

white matter; myelinated tracts or fasciculi

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7
Q

cluster of nerve cell obese in pns vs cns

A

cns= nucleus
pns= ganglion

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8
Q

embroyogy

A

PTD
prosencephalon (forebrain) –> telechepahlon and diencephalon

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

RMM
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) –> metencephalon and myelencepahlon

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9
Q

prosencephalon (forebrain) –> telechepahlon and diencephalon

what are the parts of tele and die

A

tele: cerebrum
die: hypo, epi, thalamus

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10
Q

rhombencephalon (hindbrain) –> metencephalon and myelencepahlon

what are the parts of met and mye

A

met- pons, cerebellum

mye- medulla

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11
Q

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

what are the of mes

A

midbrain

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12
Q

neurons and neuroglia

A

neurons: functional unit, singlas travel

neuroglia: support, nourish, clean

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13
Q

grey matter vs white matter

A

grey: cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals
- @ synapses
-cerebreal cortex, cortical nuclei/diencephalon
-grey horns of spinal cord

white: axons bundles
-signals travel
-cerebral tracts
-white columns of spinal cord
-peripheral nerves
-spinal pathways

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14
Q

nucleus vs ganglion

tracts/ fasiculi vs nerve

A

nucleus= gray matter in CNS
ganglion= Gray matter in PNS

tracts/fasiculi= white matter in CNS
nerve= white matter in PNS

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15
Q

cerebrum

lobes and function
what separate the hemispheres
sulci- what are the 3?
gyri
fissure

A

left and right hemisphere via longitudinal fissure

frontal- motor
parietal- sensory
temporal-auditory
occipital- visual
insula- taste

gyri= folds
sulci= furrows
fissure= deep sulcus

  1. central sulcus
  2. lateral suclus
  3. parieto-occiptal sulcus
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16
Q
  1. central sulcus
  2. lateral suclus
  3. parieto-occiptal sulcus

what do they seperate

A
  1. frontal from parietal
  2. superior temporal from frontal and parietal
  3. parietal from occipital
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17
Q

lobes functions

motor and special sensation

A

frontal- motor, cognition
ss: smell

parietal- sensory (general- pain, pressure, touch, tickle, vibration)
ss: taste

temporal-memories
ss: auditory

occipital- process visuals
ss: visual

insula- taste

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18
Q

what is insula deep to

A

frontal and temporal lobes

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19
Q

what makes the white matter of the cerebrum and what are they made of and function

A

cluster of nuclei in the white matter= basal ganglia

basal ganglia: caudate, lenticular (putamen and globus pallidus) –> motor function coordination

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20
Q

3 types of fibre connecting white matter (basal ganglia) in the cerebrum

A
  1. association fibres; within hemisphere
  2. commissural fibres; between hemispheres
    -corpus collasum
  3. projectional fibres; cerebral cortex to or from lower areas
    -internal capsule
21
Q

three major areas of each cerebral hemispoher

A

primary sensory areas

primary motor areas

association areas (sensory and motor)

PNS tract–> thalamus as relay then go to appropriate cortical area

22
Q

primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex… pre or post central gyrus

A

motor: precentral gyrus

sensory: postcentral gyrus

23
Q

brocas vs wernickes

A

brocas for motor speech

wernickes to interpret and understand language

24
Q

primary somatosensory area

primary visual area

primary auditory area

primary gustatory area

primary olfactory area

A

somatosensory; postcentral gyrus
–> cortical mapping homunculus

visual; occipital lobe

auditory; temporal lobe

gustatory; insula

olfactory; temporal

25
Q

primary motor area

A

-corticobulbar tract
-corticospinal tract

start from pyramidal cells in pre central gyrus of frontal lobe (pyramidal tract)

-also a homunculus (hand and face most)

voluntary movements

get input from premotor area, sensory cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum

26
Q

premotor area

A

in front of primary motor area

its where the movements are learned and preformed several times; stored as an algorithm

27
Q

Frontal eye field

A

pre motor area
-voluntary, synchronized mvoemtn of eyeballs

left centre makes both eyes go right

right centre makes both eyes go left

28
Q

brocas area

A

pre central gyrus, left side of brain

motor signals for voice
-speak word

-broaca aphasia; can understand speech, but cant speak

29
Q

wernickes area

A

left tempororparietal junction

for understanding language

wernickes aphasia; empty, fluent speech, cant comprehend

30
Q

where do wernickes and brocas connect

A

arcuate fascicules - white matter tract

if damage tract= conduction aphasia
-cant comprehend and articulate
-cant repeat heard speech

31
Q

association area

A

adjacent to primary areas; create comprehensive perception
-integrate and interpret signals
-store in long term memory

-somatosensory association cortex
-visual association area
-audtiory association area

-astereognosis- cant recognize an object placed in hand

32
Q

common integrative area

A

integrate signals from primary areas

33
Q

left vs right hemisphere function

A

left: receive somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on right side of body
-spoken and written language

right: receives somatic sensory signals and controls muscles on left side of body

34
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus; mostly sensory nuclei, processing and distrubtuioon centre, relay info
-conscounsess, sleep, attention, memroy
-relay all senses but smell

hypothalamus; autonomic nervous system
-emotion, temp, eat, drink, endocrine (pituaity gland)

epithalamus; pineal gland, circadian rhythm and distribute pigment melanin in skin

35
Q

which one sense does thalamus not relay

A

smell

36
Q

cerebellum

what are the 3 bilaterally paired major fibre tracts, cerebellar penduncles

what are the nuclei found here

A

two cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis

-coordinate voluntary movement, maintain posture and balance

  1. superior cerebellar peduncle; connect cerebellum to red nucleus of midbrain and thalamus
  2. middle cerebellar peduncles; connect pontine nuclei of pons and cerebellum
  3. inferior cerebellar peducnels; carry axons between medulla and cerebellum ie.e spinocerebellar tracts

deep cerebellar nuclei: fastigial, globose, emboli form, dentate

globose + emboliform= interposed nucleus

folds= folia

37
Q

what are the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei

A

deep cerebellar nuclei: fastigial, globose, emboli form, dentate

globose + emboliform= interposed nucleus

38
Q

brainstem

components

functions

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

  1. passageway for ascend and descent tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
  2. nuclei for CN III to XII
  3. regulate automatic behaviour for survival, like breathing
39
Q

midbrain

A

top of brainstem

cerebral peduncles; descending tracts (crus cerebri)

4 elevations; superior and inferior colliculi; relay center for visual and auditory

red nucleus- rubrospinal tract
substantia nigra- link to basal ganglia, voluntary movements

tectum (roof), tegmentum

periadquductal gray matter- natural painkillers (endorphins and enkephalins)

40
Q

nuclei in the midbrain

A

red nucleus and substantial nigra

41
Q

substantia nighra for what

A

in midbrain, linked to basal ganglia for voluntary mvoemtn

42
Q

periaqueductal gray matter;

A

natural painkillers
in brain

43
Q

pons

A

part of brainstem

-motor control to respiration- pneumotaxic and bpneustic area

basilar sulcus

cranial nerves VI VII VIII emerge

pontine nuclei; relay center for motor pathway for voluntary

44
Q

what nuclei in pons

A

pontine nuclei

45
Q

medulla oblognata

A

part of brainstem

-cardiovascular center, respiratoryu, vomit, cough, sneeze

pontomedulalry sulcus

pyramid

olive has olivary nucleus

CN IX X XI XII emerge

decussation (cross over) of corticospinal tracts

inferior olivary nucleus-relay center for proprioceptive info

nucleus gracilis and nucleis cuneatus- posterior column medial lemniscus

46
Q

nuclei in medulla oblongata

A

olivary nucleus
inferior olivary nucleus-relay center for proprioceptive info

nucleus gracilis and nucleis cuneatus- posterior column medial lemniscus

47
Q

where do corticospinal tracts decussate. cross over

A

medulla @ pyramids

48
Q

reticular formation

A

part of brainstem
collection of nuclei

control skeletal mucscle, pain modular, control autonomic and endocrine system, circadian rhythm, consciousness

-prevent sensory overload

49
Q

RAS ascending reticular activating system

A

filter sensory signals

-disrupt flow of some stimuli

constant humming sound is eliminated i.e

-circaidan, sleep wake, muscle tone

MSK test 2 (6 decks)

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