neuro Flashcards
system controlling circadian cycle
preoptic area: anterior hypothalamus, contain GABA (primary neurotransmitter for brain)
what does adenosine do and what blocks it
makes as sleepy, caffeine blocks receptors
REM sleep what happens and what reduces it
- rapid eye movement back and forth
- where we have visual dreams
- further in = more rem
- alcohol reduces, so does age
trigger for REM
pons sends acetylcholine neuron to occipital lobe + visual cortex and also inhibit motor neurons to paralyse everything except eyes
brain primary reward pathway
medial forebrain bundle, dopamine fibres – Olds + Milner accidentally stick a probe in rat’s MFB and got super excited, rats would learn anything to get electrical stimulation
lateralisation + hemispheric lateralisation
localisation of function on one side of body in preference to other
* vision: right half of vision received by left vice versa
hemispheric dominance
hand-preference
language lateralised towards left hemisphere: EVIDENCE = language difficulty common after stroke in left hemisphere, no right
what does dichotic listening task show about language lateralisation
hear a diff voice in each ear, follow which is saying real/fake words –> people better at it when hearing voice in right ear than left
aphasia + cause
language disorder difficult to speak, read, write, caused by damage/blockage in blood vessels usually left side of head
two forms of aphasia
- expresssive/non-fluent aphasia = understand but not produce language, cause = damage to broca’s area
- receptive aphasia - can produce nonsensical language, cannot understand, cause = damage to wernicke’s area
what did roger sperry show in split-brain patients
- patient could name an object put in right hand but not if in left
- naming words flashed on left v right side of screen –> they’ll name the word on the right bc right hemisphere can’t articulate
damage to hippocampus causes what syndrome
amnesia
Brenda Milner show about hippocampis through studies w HM?
hippocampus is not where memories are stored but instrumental the their formation –> HM’s alder memories (no hippocampus) were kept, can’t learn anything new
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome
severe vitamin B1 deficiency in chronic alcoholics, confusion disordered gait + eye movements
neurological changes accompanying alzheimer’s disease
progressive degenerative disease - loss of information + memories, then procedural skills
* very LARGE VENTRICLES because of shirnking brain tissue
differentiate sensory and motor
sensory = inpouit to brain, morot = brain to muscles + glands
autonomic in charge of..
feed fight flight fuck
autonomic divided into…
sympathetic (fight/flight), parasympathetic (slow down)
meninges
DAP Me(ninges) up
wraps around spinal cord _ ugly bugly bulgy brain goop
Dura mater - outer, tough
Arachnoid mater - web-like, filled w cerebrospinal fluid
Pia mater - thin, fragile
blood brain barrier
blood vessels supplying blood to CNS have special walls restricting entry of many chems into CNS
what are ventricles
holes filled w fluid, SEWERAGE SYSTEM - goes into tissue walls then wheeeee by cerebrospinal fluid
brainstem function
literally everything vital - breathing, blood pressure, autonomic NS
cerebellum function
BALANCE , precision movement, speech moving things around to talk
thalamus
relay station - sensory relay touch, pain, balance, visual, SMELL DOESN’T GO THROUGH HERE , consciousness + attention/memory
hypothalamus
homeostasis, endocrine system, autonomic nervous sytem, emnotional responses/mood/sexual activity
major parts of limbic system + major aspects of behaviour
thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, emotion + memory LIMBIC LESBIAN
major parts of basal ganglia + major aspects of behaviour
thalamus, gaudate, ACTION + THOUGHT
major driver + disease of basal ganglia
dopamine, parkinson’s
frontal lobe
executive function, map of muscles in body, lots for fine movement hands/face
parietal lobe
touch, represent space for action, understanding space/organisation
temporal lobe
memory + lanugage, taste, smell, language
occipital lobe
vision, MUCH MORE OCCIPITAL THAN ANY OTHER ANIMAL
change in brain over evolution
vertebrates separate PNS + CNS, difference in FOREBRAIN = complex, neocortex changes behaviours
resting state of neuron
negative (polarised)
hyperpolarisation
occurs after action potential, briefly made more negative than resting state so can’t get action potential where you just did
myelin purpose
prevents depolarisation except at gaps, spacing of gaps = just enough so action potential can jump across which speeds things up
process of neurotransmission
- action potential arrives
- vesicle spirs neurotransmitter across synapse into postsynapti neuron
- carries across
- neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane WHICH CAN EXCITE/INHIBIT postsynaptic neuron
- new action potential
how are neurotransmitters removed (2 ways)
reuptake: neurotransmitters reabsorbed by presynaptic neuron
enzymatic degradation: enzymes break down neurotransmitters
opiates effect
mimic brain oioid neurotransmitters
amphetamines
promote transmission of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin
nicotinr
stimulates acetylcholine receptors
caffeine
blocks adenosine receptors
benzodiazepines
enhance inhibitory effects of GABA (valium)
anti-schizophrenic function
block dopamine
antidepressants
block reuptake of serotonin + noradrenaline
noradrenaline function
fight or flght, stress, alertness
eeg
+ temporal, - spatial
mri
- temporal, + spatial
fmri
measure o2 changes in blood, + spatial - temporal
meg
+ spatial, + temporal
lateral hypothalamus
initiates appetite
ventromedial hypothalamus
FREQUENCY of initiating appetite
paraventricular nucleus
initiate satiety
arcuate nucleus
control centre - turns the other ones on
ghrelin function
make hungry, from pituitary
leptin function
controls frequency of feeding
raphe nuclei
serotonin neurons, alertness, wakefulness
locus coeruleus
arousal, alertness
pons
acetylcholine
optic chiasm
synchronised with light for sleep cycle, can only shift a few hours at a time so needs time to adjust in a new timezone
sleep pressure
adenosine buildup
