cognitive Flashcards
limitations of behaviourism
deny internal processes/cognition
exclude non-humans + animals
can’t account for attentional overload
what was chomsky’s criticism of skinner
said that there’s sommething in between stimulus –> response esp for language - nuanced processing ie cognition
tolman 1948 what did he find out using rats
internal mental representations - got better over time so created mental map
is two factors influence different stages (for additive factors) what’s their effect on reaction time
additive
describe interactive effect
when combined effect on reaction time is different from sum of individual effects, suggesting they influence different stages
if you increase the set size, which types of search will take longer?
serial exhaustive
what type of search do humans do
serial exhaustive
availability heuristic
overestimating the likelihood of events based on how easily memory/examples come to mind eg aeroplane accidents on news
anchoring bias
relying on first info encountered about something
certainty effect
overweight ourcomes perceived as certain or highly probable, not choose outcomes w lower probabilities. so choose sure gain of $30 to 80% chance to win $45. CONSERVATIVE ABOUT WINNING, RISK-TAKING WHEN LOSING
pseudo-certainty effect
people perceive outcome as certain even though it’s uncertain, particularly in multi-ctage games. forget/disregard uncertainty of getting to second road etc
inattentional blindness
dont process what we dont direct attention towards = invisible gorilla
change blindness
failure to notice change in stimulus when change occurs during disruption - character costume change between scenes, no one notices
early locus of selection
cuts attention early so only notice crude details
late locus of selection
cut off later, notice more + follow meaning - process meaning of something in unattended channel
flexible locus of selection
millie lavie, accouns for different context eg cognitive load = diff time
endogenous attention
you know what you’re looking for - waldo
exogfenous attention
qexternal stimulus catches ur eye
ICONIC memory duration
80-100 ms
ICONIC MEMORY capacity
large, quick MORE than echoic
ICONIC MEMORY time to decau
RAPID unless transferred to STM
ICONIC MEMORY evidence
sperling 1960, letters in grid - shown then asked only recall a few letters = fade quickly
ECHOIC memory duration
~8 sec
ECHOIC memory capacity
smaller than iconoic, lasts longer
ECHOIC memory time to decay
bit longer than iconic
SHORT TERM memory capacity
limited, 7 +/- 2
SHORT TERM memory duration
decay within 20 secs if not rehearsed
SHORT TERM memory format
phonological - ‘sounds’ in the mind
chunking
group small bits of info into bit bigger bits eg phone no quikjc bits
hierarchical chunking
sort chunks into subtopics etc
why primacy/recency effects different origins
primacy = encode = LTM
recency = STM
clive wearing amnesia + symptoms
retrograde-anterograde amnesia - no new info, lost most of past memories
central executive role
control centre, directy attention, coordinate others, problem solving, decisions
phonological loop
VERBAL + AUDITORY , articulatory rehearsal process to keep in memory
visuospatial sketchpad
processing VISUAL + SPATIAL - navigate through city, visualise objects
episodic buffer
integrates other sources, temporary storage system –> creates cohesive memory you can mould around in ur head
bits of evidence for supporting phonological loop
First paying attention to conversation, someone says your name and you switch focus
Experiment: one group memorised letters looking dissimilar, then other had to count 1,2 repeatedly while memorising, so second had worse memory
who did nodes + links
collins + loftus
spreading activation
when node activated (thinking about bird) activation spreads to related nodes –> strength of activation decreases w distance
assumptions made by hierarchical model
memory retrieval neat + logical
test/evidence for hierarchical
sentence verification - measure time taken to verify a sentence -canary is canary = short –> canary is animal increase = further apart
what doesn’t hierarchical account for
associational networks varying between people
typicality (penguins are weird birds)
category size (dog = mammal longer to verify than dog = animal, doesn’t work w assumptions of category size)
how are memories stored in parallel distributed processing models
distributed across series of networks rather than in one place, memory represented by a PATTERN OF ACTIVATION rather than single unit; parts of memory are recalled/processed at the same time
strengths of pdp model
neurobiological plausibility
learning + adaptation accounted for
can generalise to new situations
war of the ghosts, bartlett revealed…
schema - story shortened, details transformed, memory not passive but active, informed/filled in by existing knowledge
person schema/stereotype
racial + gender stereotypes
event schema/scripts
caleb’s ruthless subway efficiency
what does priming do
spreading activation - nodes + activation make concepts more accessible, easier to retrieve –> if u just talked about fishing and someone says ‘go to the bank’ u will think river bank
declarative memory
semantic, episodic memory
procedural memory
HOW to do things
distinguish between explicit/implicit memory test
explicit measures conscious recall; implicit is uncnscious memory, ofte don’t know it;s being measured. explicit: free recall. implicit: word-stem completion.
imact on implicit/explicit of modality/format of memory –> recall
implicit MUST be in same mode/format as learned; explicit doesn’t matter
DRM false memory paradigm
read out list of semantically related words that all have to do but dr isn’t in list, you imagine it is
kim peek condition
remember only FACTS , not encode semantic strucutre, can’t understand metaphors (higher thinking)
what’s a flashbulb memory
personal memory of where you were during an event
flashbulb memories and confidence
confidence in event memory grows over time
infantile amnesia, explain occurrence
adults unable to recall memories from early years of lives before 3-4
* neurodevelopmental: brain strucutres eg hippocampus not fully formed, can’t encode
* language development: before acquiring lanugage = limited means to encode + rehearse
reminiscence bump
older adults remember a lot from ages 10-30 possibly bc lots of firsts happening
impact of age on memory
doesn’t actually impact that much BUT
* neurons do lose myselin as we age
* real reason is people don’t try as hard to remembr
* most of effort is coming up w retrieval cues but lonely = not asked
method of loci
using something (landmark, constellation) as external memory for stories + info
transfer appropriate processing – godden + baddeley’s swimming pool study
context is retrieval cue –> improved recall is the learning and recall contexts are similar (if u learn something while ur wet u remember it better when ur wet)
retroactive cvs proavtice interference
retro: new material affects olf
proactive: old material affects newq
shallow v deep processing
shallow: basix encoding - physical + sensory
deep: semantic encoding, meaning, relation to other knowledge
Dunlosky 2013 study techniques rereading, practice testing, distributed practice
rereading = inefficient, low utility
practice testing = spacing important, high utility
distributed practice = spacing effects better than en mass night before –> ppl testing 30 days before test w 30 day intervcals did better than ppl practicing 1 day w 1 day intervals for 6 days
roediger + karpicke 2006 SSSSTTTTT one
5 mins SSSS > SSST > STTT
1 week STTT > SSST > SSSS
