Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic problems affecting the brain?

A
  • Shock/hypotension
  • Hypoxia
  • Intoxication
  • Metabolic disturbances (Hypoglycaemia)
  • Hypercapnia
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2
Q

Primary brain problems affecting levels of consciousness ?

A
  • Structural
  • Trauma
  • CVA
  • ICH
  • Infection
  • Seizures
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3
Q

Meningism?

A

This can occur in SAH and meningitis. Resistance against neck flexion

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4
Q

Components of ICP?

A
  • Blood
  • Brain tissue
  • CSF
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5
Q

What is the normal range of ICP?

A

10 - 20 mmHg

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6
Q

Components of the cushing’s reflex?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Bradycardia
  • Abnormal respiratory pattern
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7
Q

What is the CPP?

A

MAP - ICP

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8
Q

Cerebral autoregulation is maintained in a range of CPP?

A

60 - 160 mmHg

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9
Q

Systemic problems affecting the brain?

A
  • Shock/Hypotension
  • Hypoxia
  • Intoxication
  • Metabolic disturbances (Low BM/High CO2)
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10
Q

Primary brain pathologies?

A
  • Structural - trauma, stroke or ICH
  • Infection - Seizures or status
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11
Q

Determinants of raised ICP?

A
  • Brain tissue
  • Blood
  • CSF
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12
Q

What is normal ICP?

A

10-20mmHg

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13
Q

What are the potential causes of raised ICP?

A
  • ICH
  • Abscess
  • Oedema
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Reduced outflow of blood - Venous clot
  • Cerebral venous sinus thromboses
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14
Q

what is tentorial herniation?

A
  • Cerebrum - Uncus of temporal lobe
  • Forced through tentorium downwards
  • mid-brain compression
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15
Q

What is tonsillar herniation?

A
  • Coning
  • Movement of cerebellar tonsils downwards through the foramen magnum
  • Compression of medulla & brainstem dysfunction
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16
Q

What is the Cushing’s reflex in relation to brainstem dysfunction?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Bradycardia
  • Abnormal respiratory pattern
17
Q

What is CPP?

A

MAP - ICP

18
Q

Factors affecting cerebral blood flow?

A
  • High arterial tension of CO2 (Dialtion)
  • Low arterial tension of CO2 (Constriction)
19
Q

Management of high ICP?

A
  • Intubate
  • Head elevation to 30 degrees
  • Sedation & NMB
  • MAP > 80 + Vasopressor use
  • Hyperventilaton
  • Hypertonic saline or Mannitol
20
Q

What are the causes of secondary brain injury?

A
  • Inflammatory response
  • Hypotension
  • Hypoxia
  • Anaemia
  • Elevated ICP
  • Seizures
  • Pyrexia
21
Q

What is subarachnoid haemorrhage ?

A

Bleeding into the space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater

22
Q

What are the common causes of SAH?

A
  • Cerebral aneurysm
  • Blood in the subarachnoid space causes inflammation and vasospasm
23
Q

What are the consequences of SAH?

A
  • Delayed cerebral ishcaemia
  • Low GCS within 4-10 days
  • Obstructive hydrocephalus
  • MI
  • Pulmonary oedema
24
Q

What is the common causative agent for encephalitis?

A

Viral infection

25
Q

What is the common causative agents for meningitis?

A
  • Viral
  • bacterial
26
Q

What is glucose usually in bacterial brain infection?

A

Usually low

27
Q

Common causative agents of meningitis ?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Listeria monocytogenes
28
Q

Common causative agents of encephalitis?

A
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Enteroviruses
29
Q

What is the dose and role of Dexamethasone in brain infection?

A

Dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg every 6 hrs

Indicated in pneumococcal infections

Reduces neurological complications

30
Q

What are few complications of CNS infection?

A
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
31
Q
A