Neuro Flashcards
Basic function of frontal lobe
Voluntary movement on contralateral (opposite) side of body
Dominant hemisphere controls speech (brocas)
Intellectual functioning, thought processing, memory and personality
Basic function of temporal lobe
Understand language and processing auditory information (wernickes)
Encoding of long term memory
Basic function of parietal lobe
Receives and interprets sensation such as: pain, touch, pressure, taste, smell and proprioception
Basic function of occipital lobe
Understanding visual images and meaning of written words
Visuospatial processing and facial recognition
Colour determination
Which sinus drains into the internal jugular vein
Sigmoid sinus
5 branches of the facial nerve
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Ten zombies bit my cat
Give the 2 components of CN XI and their individual functions
Cranial (medulla): accessory to CN X in innervation pharyngeal muscles
Spinal (C1-C5): sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Which muscle of the tongue does CN12 not innervate
Palatoglossus muscle which is innervated by vagus
Functions of the cornea
Light transmission
Barrier to trauma and infection
Responsible for 2/3 of the refractive power of the eye
3 parts of the external ear and their function
Auricle - directs sound to external acoustic meatus
External acoustic meatus - transmits sound to tympanic membrane and contains earwax to stop pathogens
Tympanic membrane -
Function of the Eustachian tube
Connect mid ear to nasopharynx and equalises pressure either side of Tympanic membrane
Function of oval window
Transfers mechanical vibrations from mid ear to fluid filled vibrations in inner ear
What do the utricle and saccule detect
Changes in static equilibrium
Why are the semi circular canals important
Important in balance not hearing
Give the auditory pathway
Hint: ECOLIMA
Eight CN Cochlear nucleus Superior Olivary nucleus Lateral lemniscus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate body Auditory cortex
What are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra
Pars reticularis
Pars compacta
Which part of the substantia nigra is darker and why
Pars compacta as it contains high concentrations of neuromelanin which is the precursor for dopamine
Relate Parkinson’s to direct and indirect pathways
Over activity of the indirect pathway
Under activity of direct pathway
Function of the 3 main pathways in basal ganglia
Direct - stimulates desirable movement
Indirect - inhibits undesirable movement
Nigrostriatal - modulates movement
Origin of CNI & CN2
Arise from the cerebrum
Which nerve originates in the midbrain
Trochlear nerve
Where does the oculomotor nerve originate
Midbrain-pontine junction
Which CN originated in the pons
Trigeminal
Where do CN 6-8 originate
Pontine-medulla junction
Where do CN 9-11 originate
Medulla oblongata posterior to the olive
Where does the hypoglossal nerve originate
Medulla oblongata anterior to the olive
Describe the DCML pathway
1st order neurons carry sensory information from Peripheral nerves to medulla
Signals from upper limbs travel in the fasciculus cuneatus and synapse in nucleus cuneate. Gracilis in lower limbs
2nd order neurons carry info from cuneate or gracilis nucleus to 3rd order neurons. They decussate in the medulla and travel to the contralateral thalamus
3rd order neurons transmit info to thalamus and ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
Describe the pathway of the spinothalamic tracts
1st order neurons Arise from sensory receptors in the periphery
They enter the dorsal column and synapse at tip of dorsal horn
2nd order neurons carry info from dorsal horn to contralateral thalamus
Fibres deccusate in the spinal cord and split into lateral and anterior
3rd order neurons transmit info from thalamus to ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
What path does CSF take from where it is formed to where it is absorbed
The CSF travels from the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen (of Munro) to the third ventricle.
The fluid then flows through the aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct) into the fourth ventricle
Here it drains out of the lateral foramina of Luschka and medial foramen of Magendie into the subarachnoid space.
What are the 4 bones of the base of the skull and give their position in the cranial fossa
Ethmoid - anterior
Sphenoid - less wing is ant, greater wing is middle
Temporal - middle
Occipital - posterior
What are the 2 parts of the ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
What foramen are found in the sphenoid bone
Optic canal Rotundum Ovale Spinosum Lacerum
Which foramen are found in the temporal bone
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Which foramen are found in the occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Hypglossal canal
Difference between inhibitory and excitatory synapse
Inhibitory synapses decrease the likelihood of the firing action potential of a cell while excitatory synapses increase its likelihood.
Excitatory synapses cause a positive action potential in neurons and cells.
What structures are included in the limbic system
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampal formation
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Anterior perforated substance
- Septal nuclei - reward and reinforcement
- Uncus
- Amygdala - fear and reward
Which brain structures constitute the papez circuit
Hippocampus Fornix Mammillary bodies Cingulate gyrus Thalamus Singulum Parahippocampal gyrus
Where is the CNS found
Meninges
Brain parenchyma
Vasculature
Role of basal ganglia in the control of motor function
They select the most appropriate motor action to pass back to the cortex for execution
Activity in Which region of the brain is associated with awareness of pain
Prefrontal cortex
