Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 1 Cram > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between woven and lamellar bone

A

Woven (primary) Bone:
Made quickly,
Disorganised
No clear structure

Lamellar (secondary) Bone:
Made slowly,
Organised,
Layered structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does collagen contribute to bone function

A

Provides elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do minerals contribute to bone structure

A

Provides stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells form bone

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is bone modelling

A

Gross shape is altered, bone added or taken away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is bone remodelling

A

all of the bone is altered, new bone replaces old bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Example of a sesamoid bone

A

Patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Features of long bones

A

Tubular shape
Hollow shaft
Expanded, articulate ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Feature of a short bone

A

Cuboidal in shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Carpals

Tarsals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 Features of flat bones

A

Plates of bone
Often curved
Protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 Examples of flat bones

A

sternum
scapula
skull
ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Features of sesamoid bone

A

Round

Contain nodules for tendon attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of macro bone structure

A

Cortical - compact

Trabecular - cancellous - spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cortical bone

A

Dense, solid, only
spaces are for cells
and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is trabecular bone

A 
Network of bony struts
(trabeculae), 
spongy appearance 
many holes filled with bone marrow.
Cells reside in trabeculae and blood vessels in holes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Histological appearance of osteocytes

A

stellate, entombed in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells

A

They form a stem cell population in bone

Osteoblasts/ osteocytes are derived OP cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is osteoid

A

Unmineralised bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Osteoblasts that have been trapped within mineralised bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do osteocytes connect to surroudning cells

A

Via canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do osteocytes connect to surroudning cells

A

Via canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function/ characteristic of osteoblasts

A

Form Bone - in form of osteoid
Produce Type I collagen and mineralize the extracellular matrix by depositing hydroxyapatite crystal within collagen Fibrils
High Alkaline Phosphatase activity
Make non-collagenous proteins
Secrete factors that regulate osteoclasts ie RANKL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functions/ characteristics of osteoclasts

A

Resorb Bone
Dissolve the mineralised matrix (acid)
Breakdown the collagen in bone (enzymatic)
High expression of TRAP and Cathepsin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is bone modelling
Gross shape is altered, bone is added or taken away
26
Desribe the process of bone remodelling
Activation - Monocytes on bone surface differentiate to become osteoclasts Reabsorbtion- Osteoclasts secrete acid to dissolve the bone mineral Reversal - Osteoblasts are stimulated/recruited Formation - Osteoblasts secrete osteoid to form bone matrix Quiescence - Without stimulation there is no action
27
Difference between primary and secondary osteons
Primary fill in holes left during very rapid formation and dont cut through lamellae Secondary cut through layers of lamellae and drive remodelling
28
What does OPG stand for
Osteoprotegerin
29
How does RANK Ligand increase bone reabsorbtion
Binds to RANK receptors on monocytes Monocytes differentiate to osteoclasts which actively reabsorb bone Osteoblasts secrete more RANK L in the presence of oestrogen (as well as other hormones, GFs, and cytokines)
30
Describe the process of intramembranous ossification
1. Condensation of mesenchymal cells into flat sheet 2. Osteoblast precursors (osteoprogenitor cells) form on surface 3. Differentiation into mature active osteoblasts 4. Osteoid formation 5. Mineralisation and incorporation of osteocytes 6. Further osteoid formation
31
Describe the process of endochrondral ossification
1. Chondrocytes produce a cartilaginous precursor 2. Primary ossification centre is formed as osteoblasts lay bone onto the cartilage 3. Osteoclasts break down the cartilage 4. POC is vascularised as blood vessels invade 5. Periosteum collar is formed outside the bone as perichondrium is broken down 6. Parts of the spongy bone making up the POC are broken down to form the medullary cavity 7. Process repeats at ends of long bones to form secondary ossification centre 8. Some layers of cartilage remain between the SOC and POC, known as the epiphyseal (growth) plate
32
Desribe how Vitamin D is synthesised
1. 7-dehydroxycholesterol is synthesised directly from ingested cholesterol (found in fatty foods) 2. This is converted to Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), facilitated by UVB radiation from the sun 3. Vitamin D3 is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (aka CALCIDIOL) in the liver by 25-hydroxylase 4. Calcidiol is converted to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (aka CALCITRIOL) in the presence of PTH which stimulates 1-a-hydroxylase - occurs in the kidneys 5. The presence of calcitriol can then go on and promote gut calcium ion absorption
33
Difference between a synchondroses and symphyses
Both cartilagenous joints Synchondreses - bones are directly connected by hyaline cartilage, e.g. costal cartilages Symphyses - connecting cartilage is a plate of fibrocartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc
34
What are gomphoses
A peg in socket fibrous joint found only in tooth articulation
35
Whatare syndesmosomes
Bones are connected by a cord or sheet of fibrous membrane | e.g between tibia and filbula
36
Where can condyloid joints be found
Metacarpal/ phalangeal
37
Composition of cartilage
water proteiglycans collagen
38
What are fascicles enclosed in
endotenon
39
what is the tendon enclosed in
Epitenon/paratenon - Outer tendon sheath
40
Difference between paratenon and epitenon
Epitenon sits inside paratenon Epitenon acts as an elastic sleeve and reduces friction Paratenon - CT with a protective function
41
Describe the cell characteristics of skeletal muscle
Striations Long and cylindrical Multiple nuclei at the edge
42
Cell characteristics of cardiac muscle
Striated Single central nucleus Branching - intercalated discs
43
Describe the inverse myotatic protective reflex
golgi tendon organs are stimulated -> nerve impulse trvaels to the spinal cord via afferent 1b neurones -> synapses onto interneurones -> alpha motor neuone innervates muscle -> muscle relaxes -> prevention of muscle/ tendon damage
44
Give 3 places smooth muscle can be find
arterial wall wall of intestine lung airways
45
What are the functional units of myofibrils
sarcomeres - between 2 Z lines
46
What is the H zone
region of the sarcomere containing only myosin
47
Contraction times of type 1 vs 2 fibres
type 1 - slow twitch | 2 - fast twitch
48
How are type 1 and 2 fibres distinguished histologically
Can be distinguished using immunohistochemistry Type 1 are red/brown type 2 are paler
49
What surrounds muscle spindles
fibrocollagenous capsule
50
Describe the CT in skeletal muscle
Endomysium - fibrocollagenous ct between individual muscle fibres Peri - binds together groups of muscle fibres to form fascicles Epi - binds fascicles together
51
What are sharpeys fibres
Connects epimysium of skeletal muscle to collagen of bone | - wide area
52
What are the 2 types of type 2 fibres | Describe their differences
``` 2a undergo aerobic respiration whereas 2b undergoes anaerobic 2a has a high number of: - blood vessels - myoglobin (red) -high mitochondrial density 2b has low number of the above ```
53
Why do skeletalmuscles have striations
myofibrils in register (lined up)
54
What connects neighbouring sarcomeres
z line
55
Cell characteristics of smooth muscle
Single central nucleus No striation or branching Spindle shaped
56
What are haversian canals
Central part of osteons that contain blood vessels | has surrounding concentric rings of lamellar bone with osteocytes
57
What do fibroblasts synthesise
Collagen and elastin
58
Which layer of the trilaminar disc does skeletal muscle develop from
Paraxial mesoderm
59
Does skeletal muscle contain stem cells
YES | contain a population called satellite cells
60
What collagen is found in sharpeys fibres
Type 1
61
What may some tendons lie in to protect them from frictional injury
Fibrocollagenous tendon sheath
62
What type of collagen are osteoids rich in
Type 1
63
What bones form via intramembranous ossification
Flat bones of skull, mandible and clavicles
64
What is the name of the interconnections between Haversian canals
Volkmanns canals
65
What are osteoclasts derived from
Monocytes
66
What is uric acid formed as a result of
Breakdown of purine

Phase 1 Cram (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions