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Phase 1 Cram > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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2
Q

Diameter of erythrocytes

A

7.5 micrometers

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3
Q

Where are RBCs removed

A

Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow

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4
Q

2 main groups of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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5
Q

Which type of leukocyte is involved in a) innate immune response and b) adaptive

A

A) granulocytes

B) lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Basophils
Eosinophils

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7
Q

What are 2 main groups of lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

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8
Q

What is the most abundant WBC

A

Neutrophil

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9
Q

What do monocytes mature into

A

Macrophages or dendritic cells

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10
Q

What do basophils mature into

A

Mast cells

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11
Q

What are the 2 agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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12
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

They’re phagocytes so engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign molecules

They circulate in the blood and invade tissue spaces

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13
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Phagocytic with particular affinity for antigen/antibody complexes

Have Receptors for immunoglobulin E

Inhibit mast cell creation

Neutralise histamine

Restricts inflammatory responses

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14
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

Act to prevent coagulation and agglutination

Release histamine and other vaso-active agents in response to allergens which results in immediate hypersensitivity reaction

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15
Q

What is haemostasis

A

Process to prevent and stop bleeding
Primary - platelet plug formation
Secondary - coagulation cascade

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16
Q

How does vessel injury stimulate the platelet plug formation

A

Endothelial wall becomes exposed

Smooth muscle contracts to limit blood loss
Mechanisms of contraction:
Endothelin release
Nervous stimulation

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17
Q

Describe the adhesion stage of platelet plug formation

A

Subendothelial collagen becomes exposed

Platelets bind to collagen via von Willebrand factor using the platelet receptor GP1B

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18
Q

Describe the activation process of platelet plug formation

A

Once bound to the subendothelium, platelets change shape - from smooth discoid to spiked

Platelets release alpha and electron dense granules, to escalate haemostasis process

Alpha:
vWF, Thromboxane A2, fibrinogen and fibrin-stabilizing factor

Electron-dense:
ADP, Ca2+, Serotonin

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19
Q

Describe the aggregation stage of platelet plug formation

A

Other platelets are attracted which bind together using GP2b/3a receptors and fibrinogen

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20
Q

How does the coagulation pathway form a cross linked fibrin clot

A

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin (IIa)

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (Ia)

Fibrin stabilising factor (XIIIa) is formed which together with fibrin forms a cross linked fibrin clot

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21
Q

What mediates fibrin breakdown

22
Q

How does plasmin naturally exist

A

Inactivated form - plasminogen

23
Q

What is the membrane potential on a cardiac myocyte at rest

24
Q

How does the length of an action potential differ in the heart vs skeletal muscle

A

100x longer in the heart

25
Describe depolarisation in cardiac myocytes
An Action potential arrives | If the threshold potential (-60mV) is reached, Na+ channels open and there’s an influx of Na
26
Describe the partial repolarisation of a cardiac myocyte
At around +30mv, Na+ channels close and transient K+ channels open. K+ moves out
27
Describe the plateau stage of an action potential in a cardiac myocyte
L type Ca2+ channels allow an influx of Ca2+ to balance the K+ efflux
28
Describe repolarisation in cardiac myocytes
Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels remain open allowing repolarisation
29
Primary pacemaker
Sinoatrial node
30
The effect of sympathetic stimulation on pacemaker potential
Noradrenaline increases Ca2+ channel opening so depolarisation is faster This increases HR and force of contraction
31
Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on pacemaker potential
Decreases HR ACh activates K+ channels so the membrane is hyperpolarised Also decreases calcium influx
32
Describe the movement of different structure in cardiac looping
The bulbus cordis moves inferiorly, anteriorly and to the embryo’s right The primitive ventricle moves to the embryo’s left side The primitive atrium and the sinus venosus move superiorly and posteriorly - resulting in the sinus venosus being posterior to the primitive atrium
33
Describe fetal circulation
Oxygenated blood from placenta enters fetus through umbilical vein This blood bypasses liver via ductus venosus into the VC Blood then travels into the RA and since pressure is higher in the LA most blood is shunted through the foramen ovale Blood travels from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus Deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta via umbilical arteries
34
What does the right coronary artery supply
Right atrium and ventricle
35
What does the right marginal artery supply
Right ventricle and apex of heart
36
What does the posterior interventricular artery supply
Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum Right and left ventricles AV node
37
What does the left anterior descending artery supply
Right and left ventricle | Anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum
38
What does the left marginal artery supply
Left ventricle
39
What does the circumflex artery supply
Left atrium and ventricle
40
What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the RCA only
70%
41
What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the L circumflex A only
10%
42
What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the RCA and LCA
20%
43
What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the RCA
90%
44
What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the LCA
30%
45
3 hormonal factors that result in vasoconstriction
Epinephrine (skin) Angiotensin II Vasopressin
46
2 hormonal factors that result in vasodilation
Epinephrine (muscle) | Atrial natriuretic peptide
47
How do central chemoreceptors respond to a decrease in PaCO2
Decrease in medullary tonic activity so decrease in bp
48
Where is the moderator band found
Right ventricle
49
What is the fossa ovalis
Depression left when the foramen ovale closes
50
Give 3 features of cardiac muscle
Striated Branches Central nucleus

Phase 1 Cram (12 decks)

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