Neuro

Question 1

Damage to which part of the brain affects PROCEDURAL memory?

Answer 1

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Question 2

Pituitary stalk damage leads to..

Answer 2

Increase in Prolactin due to reduction of inhibitory dopamine from the hypothalamus down the stalk, AND decrease in remaining hormones due to lack of releasing hormones.

Question 3

aggression, emotional lability, impairment of impulse control and suspiciousness is associated with head injury to which lobe?

Answer 3

Temporal

Question 4

Long Term Potentiation involves the activation of which receptor?

Answer 4

NMDA Receptor

Question 5

Which anticonvulsant is NOT effective in acute mania?

Answer 5

Lamotrigine

Question 6

What effect does Caffeine have on the purine receptor - adenosine receptor?

Answer 6

Antagonist - enhancing dopamine signally in brain due to the functionally coupled dopamine receptors.

Question 7

Which enzyme synthesises GABA from Glutamate?

Answer 7

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

Question 8

Which enzyme deactivates GABA?

Answer 8

GABA transaminase

Question 9

Optic Ataxia

Answer 9

Damage to posterior parietal lobes. Deficit in visually guided movement.

Question 10

Gap junctions form between which cells?

Answer 10

Between glial cells to form syncitia - allows propogation of chemical signals.
Electrical synapses consist of neurons linked by gap junctions (MINORITY of neurosystem).

Question 11

Pregabalin acts on which receptor as what?

Answer 11

Acts on the alpha-2 delta subunit of Voltage-gated cacium channels, modulating calcium influx.

Question 12

Nominal aphasia is a consequence of damage where?

Answer 12

Angular gyrus of the dominant temporal-parietal region.

Question 13

Damage to where causes finger nose ataxia and heel-shin test?

Answer 13

Olivary nucleus

Question 14

Impaired maintenance of posture, damage where?

Answer 14

Vermis, midline cerebellum.

Question 15

Ipsilateral impairment of limb coordination, damage where?

Answer 15

Lateral cerebellar structures

Question 16

Hemiparesis - damage where?

Answer 16

Medulla - pyramidal decussation occurs here.

Question 17

Inferior colliculi are involved in which pathway?

Answer 17

Auditory

Question 18

Superior colliculi are involved in which pathway?

Answer 18

Visual

Question 19

Which Seretonin receptor is responsible for circadian rhythm?

Answer 19

5HT-7

Question 20

Where in the temporal lobe is the hippocampus

Answer 20

Mesial/medial temporal lobe

Question 21

EEG changes in Alzheimer’s

Answer 21

Early stages - reduction in alpha. Later - course diffuse slow waves (irregular theta with superimposed runs of delta). EEG slowing correlated with severity and senile plaques.

Question 22

EEG in frontotemporal lobe dementia

Answer 22

No changes.

Question 23

What happens to HPA axis in anorexia

Answer 23

Central activation, thus increased CRH and subsequent increase in Cortisol

Question 24

Effect of Benzos on EEG

Answer 24

Reduced alpha, increased beta and theta.

Question 25

Pure word blindness (Alexia without agraphia) - damage where?

Answer 25

Left occipital lobe, supplied by the posterior cerebral artery.

Question 26

CSF Qualities

Answer 26

40-60% glucose, mostly occupies subarachnoied space and ventricles, produce approx 500ml per day, produced actively by choroid plexus. Normal CSF pressure is 100-200mm of H2O

Question 27

Test for finger agnosia - which part of the brain

Answer 27

Dominan parietal

Question 28

What enzyme is not involved in the degradation of Seretonin?

Answer 28

COMT

Question 29

Noradrenaline is converted to Adrenaline by..

Answer 29

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Question 30

Dopamine is degraded in the extracellular space by which enzyme?

Answer 30

COMT

Question 31

Dopamine is broken down in the pre-synaptic terminal by?

Answer 31

MOA-A or MOA-B once transported back by DAT.

Question 32

Difference between MAO-A and MAO-B?

Answer 32

MAO-B is specific to Dopamine which is why MAO-B inhibitors are used in Parkinson’s. Notable Selegiline at high doses loses its specificity however.

Question 33

Where do mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways begin?

Answer 33

Ventral tegmental areas. Meso = midbrain.

Question 34

Where does mesolimbic pathway end?

Answer 34

Nucleus accumbens - reward pathway.

Question 35

Where does mesocortical pathway end?

Answer 35

Prefrontal cortex (cognition)

Question 36

Nigostriatal pathway starts where?

Answer 36

Substantia nigra and ends in striatum.

Question 37

Tuberoinfundibular pathway starts where?

Answer 37

Hypothalamus (ends in anterior pituitary gland)

Question 38

Which Dopamine receptors are excitatory?

Answer 38

D1 type (D1 and D5)

Question 39

Which dopamine receptors are inhibitory?

Answer 39

D2 type (D2, D3 and D4)

Question 40

Seretonin broken down by..

Answer 40

MAO-A

Question 41

Seretonin receptors - odd one out?

Answer 41

5HT-3 (all are G protein receptors except this one which is Na/K/Ca ion channel). Ondansetron works on 5HT-3.