Neuro Flashcards
Damage to which part of the brain affects PROCEDURAL memory?
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
Pituitary stalk damage leads to..
Increase in Prolactin due to reduction of inhibitory dopamine from the hypothalamus down the stalk, AND decrease in remaining hormones due to lack of releasing hormones.
aggression, emotional lability, impairment of impulse control and suspiciousness is associated with head injury to which lobe?
Temporal
Long Term Potentiation involves the activation of which receptor?
NMDA Receptor
Which anticonvulsant is NOT effective in acute mania?
Lamotrigine
What effect does Caffeine have on the purine receptor - adenosine receptor?
Antagonist - enhancing dopamine signally in brain due to the functionally coupled dopamine receptors.
Which enzyme synthesises GABA from Glutamate?
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
Which enzyme deactivates GABA?
GABA transaminase
Optic Ataxia
Damage to posterior parietal lobes. Deficit in visually guided movement.
Gap junctions form between which cells?
Between glial cells to form syncitia - allows propogation of chemical signals.
Electrical synapses consist of neurons linked by gap junctions (MINORITY of neurosystem).
Pregabalin acts on which receptor as what?
Acts on the alpha-2 delta subunit of Voltage-gated cacium channels, modulating calcium influx.
Nominal aphasia is a consequence of damage where?
Angular gyrus of the dominant temporal-parietal region.
Damage to where causes finger nose ataxia and heel-shin test?
Olivary nucleus
Impaired maintenance of posture, damage where?
Vermis, midline cerebellum.
Ipsilateral impairment of limb coordination, damage where?
Lateral cerebellar structures
Hemiparesis - damage where?
Medulla - pyramidal decussation occurs here.
Inferior colliculi are involved in which pathway?
Auditory
Superior colliculi are involved in which pathway?
Visual
Which Seretonin receptor is responsible for circadian rhythm?
5HT-7
Where in the temporal lobe is the hippocampus
Mesial/medial temporal lobe
EEG changes in Alzheimer’s
Early stages - reduction in alpha. Later - course diffuse slow waves (irregular theta with superimposed runs of delta). EEG slowing correlated with severity and senile plaques.
EEG in frontotemporal lobe dementia
No changes.
What happens to HPA axis in anorexia
Central activation, thus increased CRH and subsequent increase in Cortisol
Effect of Benzos on EEG
Reduced alpha, increased beta and theta.
Pure word blindness (Alexia without agraphia) - damage where?
Left occipital lobe, supplied by the posterior cerebral artery.
CSF Qualities
40-60% glucose, mostly occupies subarachnoied space and ventricles, produce approx 500ml per day, produced actively by choroid plexus. Normal CSF pressure is 100-200mm of H2O
Test for finger agnosia - which part of the brain
Dominan parietal
What enzyme is not involved in the degradation of Seretonin?
COMT
Noradrenaline is converted to Adrenaline by..
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Dopamine is degraded in the extracellular space by which enzyme?
COMT
Dopamine is broken down in the pre-synaptic terminal by?
MOA-A or MOA-B once transported back by DAT.
Difference between MAO-A and MAO-B?
MAO-B is specific to Dopamine which is why MAO-B inhibitors are used in Parkinson’s. Notable Selegiline at high doses loses its specificity however.
Where do mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways begin?
Ventral tegmental areas. Meso = midbrain.
Where does mesolimbic pathway end?
Nucleus accumbens - reward pathway.
Where does mesocortical pathway end?
Prefrontal cortex (cognition)
Nigostriatal pathway starts where?
Substantia nigra and ends in striatum.
Tuberoinfundibular pathway starts where?
Hypothalamus (ends in anterior pituitary gland)
Which Dopamine receptors are excitatory?
D1 type (D1 and D5)
Which dopamine receptors are inhibitory?
D2 type (D2, D3 and D4)
Seretonin broken down by..
MAO-A
Seretonin receptors - odd one out?
5HT-3 (all are G protein receptors except this one which is Na/K/Ca ion channel). Ondansetron works on 5HT-3.
