Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Anatomy > Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke involving right anterior cerebral artery would have the most significant effect on which part of the body?

A

Left leg
Brain supplies body in contralateral manner
ACA supplies legs - because medial portion of hemispheres hence why it’s left leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Obstruction of arachnoid granulations prevents CSF being reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses. This associated with?

A

Meningitis

Can cause inflammation, which is what prevents fluid being reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

35 Y/O man visits his physician because experiencing sporadic, involuntary movements and was becoming increasingly uncoordinated. Got Huntington’s disease - AD disease caused by loss GABAergic neurones in basal ganglia - which structure is affected?

A

Caudate nucleus/ putamen

affected because MRI can see caudate nucleus is degenerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Young woman pushed cotton bud into ear too far

Can see perforated tympanic membrane - which nerve is most likely to be damaged

A

Nerve to stapedius because nerve which connected to facial nerve and stapedius is one of the bones involved in connecting eardrum to hearing parts of ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is CN1 and what does it do?

A

Olfactory nerve

Mainly involved in transmitting info relating to smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the olfactory tract and olfactory bulb located?

A

Proximally have olfactory bulb

Distally (Closer to cerebral hemispheres) have olfactory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What structure does the olfactory bulb go through?

A

Fasicles of olfactory nerve pass through the cribiform plate from muscosa of upper nasal cavity, join to olfactory bulb + go down through the tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

Left and right cranial nerves

eg. Left and right olfactory bulbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the gyrus rectus in relation to the olfactory tracts?

A

Olfactory tract is on top of gyrus rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is lateral to the gyrus rectus and the olfactory tract?

A

Olfactory sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the olfactory trigone?

A

Where the olfactory tract divides into the medial and lateral olfactory stria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is posterior to the olfactory trigone?

A

Anterior perforated area which give blood supply to deep grey matter nuceli mostly from branches of MCA + close to limbic lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is CNII and what does it do?

A

Optic nerve + transmits visual sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the optic nerve?

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. optic chiasm
  3. optic tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the optic nerve go?

A

Straight to the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Joint structure where L+R optic nerve meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the optic tract and where does it go?

A

Behind the chiasm and divide into optic radiations

go posteriorly into occipital lobe to primary visual cortex area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex area?

A

Calcarine sulcus in occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the optic nerve enter skull to the brainstem?

A

Via the optic canal in the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What travels with the optic nerve through the optic canal?

A

Ophthalmic artery - branch of internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What structure is related close to the optic tract and what way?

A

Cerebral peduncles

optic tract curves around cerebral peduncles (pillar like structures in midbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the optic chiasm sit on top of?

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the clinical significance of the optic chiasm sitting on top of the pituitary gland?

A

Inflammation or outgrowth of pituitary gland can cause compression optic nerves
= bilateral hemianopoeia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 optic radiations?

A

Meyer’s loop = lower optic radiation

Balm’s loop = upper optic radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do the optic radiations terminate?

A

visual cortex (calcarine sulcus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the brainstem made up of?

A

Midbrain superiorly
Pons - middle
Medulla - inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two junctions in the brainstem?

A

Ponto-mesencephalic junction (Superiorly)
Ponto-medullary junction
(inferiorly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

From which junction does many CN emerge?

A

Pontomedullary junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the crus cerebri?

A

On the cerebral peduncles transmits corticospinal tract (motor tracts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the mammillary bodies?

A

2 small pea structures on side of the cerebral peduncles - underneath the optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles hold?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is the interpeduncular fossa and what CN originates in this structure?

A

In between the cerebral peducnles and CN3 originates from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the basilar pons?

A

Where basilar artery runs on top of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the middle cerebellar peduncles?

A

Bumps on the lateral side of the pons
From the tracts through which the cerebellum receives and give out information
Attaches cerebllum to the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many cerebellar peduncles are there?

A

3:
superior - seen in posterior aspect - attaches cerebellum to brainstem
middle
inferior - small bump just below middle cerebellar peduncle (medial to middle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the ventral medial fissure?

A

Line in between the 2 aspects of the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is lateral to ventral medial fissure?

A

Pyramids of medulla - where corticospinal tract criss cross .˙. known as pyramidal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the olives?

A

Lateral to the pyramid - small bead like structures on the side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which clinically important tract descends into the pyramids of the medulla?

A

Corticospinal tract (pyramidal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why might damage to inferior cerebella peduncle cause gait ataxia?

A

Major route for sensory information (unconscious proprioception) about lower limbs to reach cerebellum; without it walking becomes disordered and uncoordinated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the midbrain made up of?

A

Tectum (roof) + tegmentum (more anteriorly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What structure is between the tectum + tegmentum?

A

Cerebellar aqueduct in midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is more prominent from the lateral aspect - the medial cerebellar peduncle or the cerebral peduncle?

A

Medial cerebellar peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is visible on the posterior view of the brainstem?

A

The 4th ventricle (if the cerebellum is removed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How is the 4th ventricle connected to the third ventricle?

A

By the cerebellar aqueduct - runs vertically in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculus?

A

Transmit sensory information

Can see midbrain on posterior aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the cruciform sulcus?

A

Cross like structure in between superior and inferior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where is the frenulum?

A

Inferior to the inferior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are visible superiorly on the posterior aspect of the brainstem?

A

The ends of the thalamus - pulvinar nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the rhomboid fossa and what is it bounded by?

A

Rhomboid shaped depression
upper 2/3 = pons
lower 1/3 = medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the medulla like?

A

Largely closed
Superiorly opens up to become the open medulla
continues down to join the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the obex?

A

Site for the emetic centre or the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ).
No Blood brain barrier so helps sample blood
If any emetic material - can test and cause emesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the alar plate of the neural tube and its function?

A

Sensory + towards the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the basal plate of the neural tube and its function?

A

Anterior - motor plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where is the sulcus limitans in the neural tube?

A

between alar and basal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How does this change in a fully developed human?

A

The brainstem opens up
opens up at the medulla just after the obex
Alar plates end up laterally located
Basal plates in medial aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

On axial slice?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei can see is bound posteriorly by cerebellum
And have roof of 4th ventricle

58
Q

What are the 2 cranial nerve nuclei?

A

Motor

Sensory

59
Q

What are the 3 motor columns?

A

Medial to lateral
Somatic
Visceral
Branchiomotor

60
Q

What does the somatic motor nuclei supply?

A

Supplies the extra-ocular muscles of tongue

Make up CN III, IV, VI, XII

61
Q

What does the visceral motor nuclei supply?

A

Lateral to somatic motor
supplies
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands - PS

62
Q

Which nerves is the visceral motor nuclei associated with?

A

CN III - sphincter pupillae muscle and ciliary body (pupil constriction, accommodation)
Edinger westphal nuclei
CN VII - lacrimal gland and all salivary glands, apart from the parotid
Superior salivatory nuclei
CN IX - parotid salivary gland
Inferior salivatory nuclei
CN X - parasympathetic supply to the majority of the thorax and abdomen
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

63
Q

What does the branchiomotor supply?

A

Special visceral afferent (goes to organs)
Muscles of mastication Muscles of facial expression
Larynx and pharynx involved in speech and swallowing

64
Q

What nerves are associated with the branchiomotor?

A 
Three vertically aligned nuclei
CN V - Muscles of mastication
CN VII - Muscles of facial expression
CN IX, X and XI - Larynx and pharynx involved in speech and swallowing
(nucleus ambiguus)
65
Q

Which CN are ps?

A

3 +7 is not 9 but 10

CN 3,7,9,10 = PS + have PS actions related to them

66
Q

Where is the nucleus for CN V + VII located?

A

Pons

67
Q

Where is the nucleus for the nucelus ambiguus located?

A

Full length of the medulla

68
Q

At what stage does the embryo emplant?

A

Blastocyst

69
Q

Pharyngeal arch derivatives primarily receive motor innervation from which region?

A

Branchiomotor column because supplies parts of larynx + pharynx

70
Q

A lesion in the lateral recess of the floor of the 4th ventricle is most likely to have what cranial nerve related effects?

A

Dizziness

Lateral recess is at widest part of 4th ventricle - corners of rhomboid fossa

Can see in the area mainly vestibulocohclear nerve nuclei are involved
If damaged, get issues with balance aspect

71
Q

What are the 3 sensory nuceli?

A

Trigeminal
Vestibularchochlear
Visceral afferent

72
Q

Describe the trigeminal nuclei

A

Sensory for head and neck
Main nuclei – Mid pons
General tactile sensation of the face.

Inferior portion into medulla
Pain and temperature

Upwards into midbrain
Proprioception

73
Q

Describe the vestibulocochlear nuclei

A

Located in lateral recess of the 4th ventricle

2 x cochlear nuclei
Dorsal and ventral
4 x Vestibular nuclei
Superior (pons), Inferior
Medial, lateral (medulla)
74
Q

Describe the visceral afferent

A

V-shaped

Information arriving
Taste buds
Viscera of abdomen and thorax
Nucleus of solitary tract or nucleus tractus solitarius - because located individually in white matter tract around the medulla, connected at the bottom

75
Q

Describe the parts of the visceral afferent

A

3 parts

Top part
Taste buds (CN VII, IX and X)

Middle part
Thorax (CN IX and X)

Lower part
GI tract
Abdominal viscera

76
Q

Describe the location of the nuclei in the brain

A

Hypoglossal most medial
Vagus - visceromotor
Vestibular posterior
Trigeminal sensory more anterolateral

77
Q

Find these structures on the skull

A 
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Rotundum
Ovale
Spinosum
Lacerum
Carotid Canal
Internal Acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal
Foramen Magnum
78
Q

What comes out of the superior orbital fissure and what bone is it in?

A

Sphenoid bone
CNIII, IV, VI
V1 branches
Ophthalmic vein

79
Q

What goes through the foramen rotundum?

A

In sphenoid bone

CN V2 - maxillary branch

80
Q

Foramen ovale?

A

Sphenoid bone
CNV3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve

81
Q

Foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery enters cranial fossa this way

82
Q

What do the foramen rotundum and spinosum form?

A

Together form an exclamation mark

83
Q

What is the foramen lacerum?

A

Filled with soft tissue - superior aspect occupies by internal carotid artery

84
Q

Contents internal acoustic meatus?

A

Petrous temporal bone CNVII

CNVIII

85
Q

Jugular foramen

A

CNIX, CNX, CNXI, Sigmoid sinus

86
Q

What is the contents of the hypoglossal canal?

A

CNXII

87
Q

Contents of foramen magnum

A

Medulla oblongata
Meninges
Vertebral arteries and plexus
Spinal roots of the accessory nerve

88
Q

What are the skull base foramina?

A

Stylomastoid foramen
CN VII
Carotid canal
ICA

89
Q

A tumour in the jugular foramen that is compressing the internal jugular vein might also be compressing which of the following groups of cranial nerves?

A

a. X, XI, XII

b. IX, X, XI

90
Q

A patient has been in a bar fight and received an upper cut to the nose and hard palate. Which of the following symptoms may be a complication of the fractures sustained?

A

a. Visual defects
b. Loss of taste
c. Loss of smell

91
Q

What goes through the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

Things to do with the ear:
Semicircular canals, cochlear ducts, vestibulocochlear nerve

Facial artery is not a part

92
Q

The blood vessel that goes through the foramen spinosum is a branch of which artery?

A

Internal carotid artery
Middle cerebral artery
Facial artery
Maxillary artery

93
Q

Where do the lower 10 cranial nerves come from?

A 
Brainstem 
Midbrain - 2
Pons - 1 
Pontomedullary junction - 3
Medulla - 4
94
Q

Which nerves are related to eye movement?

A

CN III – Oculomotor nerve
CN IV – Trochlear
CN VI - Abducens

95
Q

Where does CN III arise?

A

Interpeduncular fossa between cerebral peduncles of midbrain

96
Q

Where does the abducens nerve arise?

A

Pontomedullary junction

97
Q

Where does the trochlea nerve originate?

A

Pontomesencephalic junction

98
Q

What does the CNIII supply?

A 
4 eye muscles
medial rectus 
inferior oblique 
superior rectus 
inferior rectus

Innervates palpebrae

99
Q

What does the levator palpebrae superioris do?

A

Elevates upper eyelid

100
Q

Where does CN IV originate + what does it supply?

A

Arises from dorsal aspect the midbrain, below inferior colliculus

Superior oblique

101
Q

What does the superior oblique muscle do?

A

Neutral position – Abducts and depresses the eyes
Depresses an adducted eye.

Called – Tramp’s muscle
Deflects the pupil – DOWN and OUT

102
Q

Where does CN VI originate + what does it supply?

A

originates from midline
Pontomedullary junction

Supplies 1 eye muscle
Lateral rectus

103
Q

What does the lateral rectus muscle supply?

A

Abducts the eye

104
Q

What goes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

From the sphenoid bone
CNIII, IV, VI
V1 branches
Ophthalmic vein

105
Q

What is the CN V originate and what does it have?

A

At the point of middle cerebellar peduncle

Sensory nerve for head and neck

Larger sensory root – lateral
Smaller motor root - medial

106
Q

What are the 3 branches of CNV?

A

Three branches
V1 – Ophthalmic
V2 – Maxillary nerve
V3 - Mandibular

107
Q

Where does each of the CN-V exit?

A

V1 – SOF
V2 – Foramen rotundum
V3 – Foramen Ovale

108
Q

What does CN-V supply?

A 
Motor
Branchiomotor fibres
Muscles of mastication
Mylohyoid
Diagastric (anterior belly)
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini
109
Q

What is and where does it originate CNVII?

A

Facial nerve
Lateral aspect of pontomedullary junction
Region of the cerebellopontine angle

110
Q

What is the function of the facial nerve?

A 
Motor 
Innervates:
muscles of facial expression,
digastric,
Stylohyoid,
stapedius muscle
111
Q

Describe the journey of CNVII

A

Enters as internal acoustic meatus, once in temporal bone, goes into facial canal, exits via stylomastoid foramen

112
Q

What does the internal acoustic meatus?

A

passage where nerves can pass from inside skull to inner ear and face

113
Q

What branches does the facial nerve give off?

A

Gives off chorda tympani
carries taste messages from the front of tongue to brain

Nerve to the stapedius

114
Q

What is the nervus intermedius?

A

Between VII + VIII
Aka - CN 7.5
transmits sensory and parasympathetic part of facial nerve
Supplies lacrimal + salivary glands - except parotid (CNIX)

115
Q

What does the chorda tympani supply?

A

Innervates taste buds anterio 2/3 (taste)
Carries taste messages to brain

Branch of nervous intermedius

116
Q

Describe the CNVIII

A

Can see lateral to facial nerve (CN VII is anterior to it) on lateral aspect of pontomedullary junction

Enter the brainstem at the Cerebellopontine angle and terminate in the vestibular and cochlear nuclei

117
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Cochlear = attaches to cochlea which contains spinal ganglion involved in hearing

Vestibular - supply vestibule and semicircular canal + involved in balance

hence all these structures located in temporal bone

118
Q

Where does CN VIII come out of the skull?

A

Traverses through internal acoustic meatus

119
Q

What is the main structure of the medulla?

A

Olives

120
Q

What are the sulci relating to the olives?

A

Pre-olivary sulcus/ venterolateral

Behind olive - dorsolateral sulcus

121
Q

What are the 3 nerves housed by the dorsolateral (post-olivary) sulcus?

A

Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory

122
Q

What nerve does the anterolateral sulcus house?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

123
Q

What is the function CN IX?

A

From post-olivary sulcus
Sensory - post 1/3rd taste buds
Tactile sensation to posterior tongue and pharynx
Carries afferent limb of gag reflex
Fibres are more posterior to CNXII - on brain specimen

Sensation to ear drum
Carries visceral afferents from carotid sinus + body

Supplies parotid gland
Innervates stylopharyngeus muscle

124
Q

What carries sensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

The lingual branch of V3 (trigeminal nerve)

125
Q

What gives motor innervation to tongue?

A

Hypogossal nerve, except palatoglossus - pharyngeal branch vagus X

126
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate?

A

Rootlets from post olivary sulcus

127
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Muscles of larynx and pharynx involved in speech and swallowing
Parasympathetic fibres to thoracic and abdominal viscera until the splenic flexure

Sensory fibres from the epiglottis
Pain and temperature from the dura, larynx and external ear

128
Q

What are the 2 parts of CN XI?

A

Cranial accessory nerve (XIc) - receives rootlets from C1-C5 join together to form the nerve
Spinal accessory nerve from dorsolateral sulcus

129
Q

What does the spinal accessory nerve supply?

A

innervates trapezius + SCM

130
Q

What does the spinal accessory nerve do?

A

Joins vagal trunk + has similar targets to vagus because both origin from nucleus ambiguss

131
Q

Contents of jugular foramen?

A

CN 9, 10, 11

132
Q

Where does CN 12 arise?

A

Arises anterolateral sulcus

133
Q

What is the function of CN 12?

A

Motor nerve to tongue
All tongue muscles except palatoglossus

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Intrinsic muscle

134
Q

What does the hypoglossal canal contain?

A

CN 12

135
Q

Where will the optic tract carry information?

A

To lateral geniculate nucleus + optic radiations + calcarine sulcus

136
Q

Look at midbrain slice

A 
Locate:
Substantia nigra 
Red nucleus (at level of superior colliculi)
Superior colliculi 
Crus cerebri
137
Q

Look at pontine slice

A 
Pons 
Tectum
Tegmentum
Narrow ventricular cavity 
2 deeply pigmented nucleis - locus coerulus
138
Q

What is the function of the Locus coerulus?

A

Deeply pigemented nuclei in pons

Make noroepinephrin

139
Q

Which is not a branch of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal nerve
Zygomatic
Maxillary

140
Q

Which skull base foramina does CN V2 pass through?

A

Foramen rotundum

141
Q

Which muscle does CN X innervate?

A

Palatoglosuss muscle of tongue

142
Q

Which nerve innervates occipitofrontalis muscle? (frontal belly)

A

Temporal branch

Clinical Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions