Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy > Head and Neck I > Flashcards

Head and Neck I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skull made up of?

A

Cranium and mandible

made up of 22 bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are the upper and lower teeth located?

A

Upper on maxilla

Lower on mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the zygoma bone and what is it made up of?

A

Cheek bone

Zygomatic arch - Temporal process on zygomatic bone and zygomatic process on temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the orbital and what is made up of?

A

Aperture around the eye

Frontal, nasal and zygomatic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the boundaries of the orbital?

A

Root - formed by frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid (at back)
Floor - formed by maxilla, palatine, and zygomatic bones
Maxilla separates orbit from underlying maxillary sinus
Medial wall - ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones
Ethmoid separates orbit from ethmoid sinus
Lateral wall - zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the optic foramen?

Where are the supra and infraorbital foramina?

A

Opening through which optic nerve (CN2) runs
Supra = above optic foramina, infra = below
passageway for supra and infraorbital structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the temporal bone?

Which muscle is on top of this bone?

A

Above the auditory canal

Temporalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the parietal bone continue until?

A

Until it meets the occipital bone

Can feel ridges at the back of the head - occipital protuberance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pterion and what is its significance?

A

Fusion point on side of head of temporal bone, sphenoid, parietal
Middle meningeal artery runs inferior to the area - passes through foramen spinosum and runs all way through inner surface
As pterion is v. weak structure, if hit head here can cause extradural haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some features of the mandible?

A

Mental protuberance
Mental (mandibullar) foramina - allow transmission lingual nerve - comes out foramina as mental nerve (V3 - passes through to supply skin and muscle)
Head - forms tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the actions of the mandible?

A

Protusion - pushing mandible out
Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid

Retraction - moving back
Posterior fibres of temporalis, deep part of masseter and geniohyoid and digastric

Elevation - moving up
Muscles of mastication involved - temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid

Depression - mandible moving down
Muscles of mastication involved - gravity, digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid

Left and right lateral deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the TMJ and where is it located?

A

Synovial joint w/ articular cartilage on bone surfaces and joint capsule that encloses synovial fluid

Between mandibular process of temporal bone and head of mandible - main connection between skull and lower jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the ligaments in the surrounding area of the TMJ?

A

Stylomandibular ligament - Inside space between ligament and border of mandible = passageway for lingual and inferior alveolar nerve

Inf. alveolar nerve helps supply sensation to teeth .˙. any damage to area can cause lots of effects in one go

Sphenomandibular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the lacrimal fossa?

A

Concave depression on lacrimal bone - forms medial wall on orbital cavity - where lacrimal sac located
Lacrimal sac drains into nasolacrimal duct
Nasolacrimal canal is continuous with nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the types of teeth?

A 
4 incisors
2 canines (1 each side)
4 premolars (2 each side)
6 molars(3 each side)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can a patient get referred pain in the maxillar?

A

Contains maxillar sinus - if have superior alveolar nerve damage/inflammed at process - may hurt cheek bones
Occurs w/ sinusitis/ abcesses in teeth
vice versa also true - have polyps in maxillary sinus, can get a toothache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the pterygoid plates look like?

A

Hook like - medial and lateral, important for attachment of muscles (pterygoid muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do the occipital chondyles articulate with?

A

Articulate w/ C1 vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the stylomastoid foramena give transmission to?

A

Transmission to facial nerve as exits to supply muscles of face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the cribiform plate and what is its significance?

A

Area on the ethmoid

Has multiple foramina allows passageway nerve (olfactory nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the crista galli?

A

Attachment of dura mater - separates brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What artery goes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Middle meningeal goes through foramen lacerum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Cone shaped depression, extending deep into infratemporal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the sutures of the skull?

A

Coronal suture = between frontal and parietal bones
Frontal suture = divides halves of frontal bone in infants and children
Sagittal suture = between 2 parietal bones
Lamboid suture = between parietal and occipital bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the bregma?
Space for fusion | Important when checking development in GP - feel for bregma areas to assess whether they're fused or not
26
What is needed to be seen on the radiograph?
Identify where sutures of the skull are, TMJ and different parts of the mandible - note gomphoses - joint between teeth and bone
27
What are the paranasal sinuses filled with?
They are filled with air - .˙. seen as black on the x-ray
28
What can sutures be misdiagnosed as?
May be misdiagnosed as fractures Fractures = depressed w/ non-sclerotic edges and sharp lucencies Sutures = zigzag, with interdigitations and sclerotic borders
29
What is the significance of cranial vault?
Distributes and minimises effects of a blow to it
30
What is the most common type of cranial fracture?
Linear cranial fracture - occurs at the point impact | other fracture lines radiate away from it
31
Describe a fracture of the mandible
Butterfly fracture - 2 fractures that occur on opposite sides
32
What is a blow out fracture?
Break of >1 bone surrounds the eye ˙.˙ force transmitted to the eye compartment - get very sunken eyes
33
What are the boundaries of the nasal aperture?
Roof - nasal, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones Cribiform plate - transmits CN1 for smell Foor - palatine bones and maxilla Medial wall - nasal septum Lateral wall - superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae maxillary and palatine bones contribute
34
Describe the masseter
Has a deep and superficial head Origin = attached to zygomatic arch Insertion = lateral surface of ramus and coronoid process
35
What is the action of the masseter?
Mandible elevation
36
What nerve is the masseter supplied by?
``` Masseteric nerve (V3) Mandibular division trigeminal nerve - involved in teeth grinding ```
37
Describe the attachments of the temporalis
Lies over the entirety of the temporal bone Passes downward and attaches to coronoid process (mandible) Attaches to the anterior margin ramus mandible
38
What is the action of the temporalis and what nerve is it supplied by?
Mandible elevation and retraction (pushing jaw up and back) | Supplied by temporal nerve (V3)
39
Describe the medial pterygoid muscle
Deep head begins on pterygoid plate on sphenoid Superficial head = tuberosity of maxilla Inserts into underside of medial part ramus of mandible (near to angle) Medial head sits in between ptergoid plate (between 2 spikes)
40
What is the action of medial pterygoid muscle? | What nerve is it supplied by?
Mandible elevation and side to side movements mm sound brings mandible up Medial pterygoid nerve of mandibular nerve V3
41
Describe the lateral pterygoid muscle
Upper head begins from roof of the intfratemporal fossa Lower head - lateral surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process Runs along to chondylar process Goes from capsule of TMJ to pterygoid fovea
42
What is the action of the lateral pterygoid muscle and what nerve is it supplied by?
Side to side and protrusion (forward and back) laa - drop jaw lateral p contracts Lateral pterygoid nerve of mandibular neve (v3)
43
What do the superior and inferior alveolar nerve supply?
Sup. alveolar nerve - supplies tongue and top teeth | Inf. alveolar nerve- supplies bottom jaw
44
Describe dislocation of TMJ
Can occur during yawning/taking a large bite causes excessive contraction of lateral pterygoid muscles may cause heads of the mandible to dislocate anteriorly, passing anterior to articular tubercles in this position mandible remains depressed and person may not be able to close their mouth
45
What is TMJ degenerative arthritis?
Joint may lead to abnormal function and result in structural problems eg. dental occlusion and joint clicking (Crepitus) Teeth joint = gomphosis
46
How is the frontalis muscle attached to the occipitalis?
Attached to occipitalis by aponeurosis | scalp - skin, subcutaneous tissue and epicranial aponeurosis
47
What does the procerus muscle do?
Aids in contractility, making frontal aspect of face furrow
48
Describe the obicularis oculii
2 parts - Orbital Palebral Large and allows open and close eyelids
49
What does the buccinator do?
Allows whistle and has opening for parotid duct | Compresses cheek against teeth during chewing
50
Describe the nasalis muscle
Muscle on the nose (nabella = bridge of nose) Transverse - wrinkles nasal skin and compresses nasal aperture Alar - dilates nostrils and pulls ala laterally Depressor septi lowers midline of nose
51
Describe the obicularis oris
Fibres travel circularly around mouth and blend with fibres of other muscles insert on mouth
52
Descrive levator labii superioris and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle What is the function of these muscles?
Levator labii superioris - Extends from the side of the nose to zygomatic bone Alaeque nasi - 1 muscles in group of muscles Action - control shape, posture and movement of lips, elevates upper lip and expose maxillary teeth Part of buccolabial muscles
53
What is the function of the zygomaticus minor? | What is the function of the zygomaticus major?
Minor - Elevates upper lip and thus expose maxillary teeth - facilitates speech Major - Pulls angle of mouth superolaterally -> facilitates speech and laughter
54
What is the function of depressor labii inferioris?
Helps lower bottom lip
55
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris? | Where does it originate and insert?
Pulls angle of mouth inferolaterally | Originates from mandible and inserts into angle of mouth = face expression
56
What is the function of the platysma?
Enables extension of neck | Responsible for drawing skin around lower part of mouth down or out
57
Is there any parietal muscle?
No parietal muscle, instead have aponeurosis - connection of one muscle to another
58
What is the modiolus?
Centre point for everything come together Held together by fibrous tissue Obicularis oris, quadratus labii superioris + inferioris, buccinator = area of dimple
59
Where are the constrictor muscles and what is their function?
Behind the mandible (inside) - pushes food bolus into oesophagus
60
What is the nerve supply for facial expression?
CNVII - facial nerve | Motor innervation .˙. controls facial expression
61
Describe the course of the facial nerve
Transmits out of stylomastoid foramen (behind styloid process) Enters mandibular canal and leaves through mental foramen
62
What is the nerve for sensory innervation of facial muscles?
Trigeminal nerve (CNV)
63
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
CNV1 - Ophthalmic nerve - External nasal nerve, supraorbital, supratrochlear CNV2 - Maxillary nerve - Infraorbital, zygomatic nerve CNV3 - Mandibular nerve - Inferior alveolar nerve (goes to teeth), lingual nerve, buccal nerve, mental nerve and auriculo-temporal nerve
64
What is the clinical significance inferior alveolar nerve block?
Dentists anaesthetise inferior alveolar nerve before repairing/removing teeth, because mental and incisive nerves are terminal branches .˙. chin and lower lip of affected side also lose sensation
65
What is the positioning of the lingual nerve and the clinical significance?
Positioned anterior to inferior alveolar nerve Risk of injury in floor of mouth during dental surgery Lingual nerve - responsible general somatic afferent (sensory)
66
What is the chorda tympani?
Carries presynaptic parasympathetic fibres to submandibular ganglion Gives secretomotor innervation to salivary glands
67
What are the branches of the facial nerve?
Has 5 branches: Temporal - supplies all temporal region Zygomatic - goes over zygoma, supplies nasalis and zygomaticus muscle Buccal - supplies this muscle Mandibular - facial skin in the lower third of the face, including the chin and lower lip. Inferior row of teeth and gingiva. The anterior two thirds of the tongue. Cervical - supply upper aspect of neck Also gives off posterior auricular nerve and passes through the parotid gland
68
What is the clinical significance of the facial nerves going through the parotid gland?
Must be careful in surgery - if have tumour and need to transect gland need to be careful to not damage nerves All traverse through parotid gland but gland is NOT supplied by facial nerve Nerves run inferiorly along and away from the angle of the mandible
69
What is Bell's Palsy?
``` Occurs when nerve becomes inflammed, swollen or compressed - causes temporary paralysis muscles on face Symptoms - Anhydrosis Myosis (constriction pupils) Paralysis on one side ```
70
How can you distinguish Bell's palsy from a stroke?
Distinct from stroke because can't move eyebrows
71
What do higher lesions of CNVII cause?
Causes loss of taste anterior 2/3 tongue
72
How can you anaesthetise part of the face?
Can do infraorbital nerve block as it leaves through infraorbital foramen
73
At what level does the R+L common carotid bifurcate?
Bifurcate at C4
74
What does the external and internal carotid supply?
External branch supplies face | Internal continues up through the foramen lacerum (carotid canal) to supply brain
75
What are the branches of the external carotid?
1st branch - superior thyroid artery (supplies thyroid) 2nd branch - lingual artery (tongue) 3rd branch - facial artery (loops over and continues) and ascending palatine (soft palatte and hard palatte) 4th branch - ascending pharyngeal (supplies pharynx)
76
Where do the branches of the external carotid go through?
Traverse through parotid gland Travels with the retromandibular vein - from the external jugular Gives off temporal and facial arteries
77
Describe the course of the facial artery
Facial artery begins inferior and loops under mandible, anterior to masseter Goes up (branches) help supply upper aspect of nose and branches to lips Tortuous artery Once goes through parotid = transverse facial artery
78
Describe the course of the superficial temporal artery
Comes off external carotid, runs in front of ear (pulse in region)
79
What is temporal arteritis?
Potentially serious inflammation arteries, can cause blindness/stroke/aneurysm/ischaemic attack
80
Describe the course of the facial vein
``` Facial vein drains into cavernous sinus Cavernous sinus (in cranial cavity - network small veins w/in infratemporal fossa) drains into pterygoid via emissary veins (network of trabeculae underneath) Superior and inferiorly alveolar veins go back to pterygoid plexus All veins drain into retromandibular vein behind Pass through parotid gland (w/external carotid and facial nerve) Drains into internal and external jugular vein ```
81
What is the danger triangle?
Facial vein connects with cavernous sinus and superior opthalmic vein Pterygoid venous plexus connects through inferior opthalmic and deep facial veins ˙.˙ no valves - blood from face may enter sinus Can cause cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, brain abscess Danger for spread of infection
82
What are the branches of the maxillary artery?
Arises from the external carotid Divided into 3 parts with 5 branches arise from each part Relate to lateral pterygoid muscle - before, on and beyond 1st and 3rd part enter foramina in skull Those from 2nd part supply muscles
83
What is the foramen spinosum?
Opening in sphenoid area
84
Through which foramena does the middle meningeal artery travel through?
Middle meningeal and accessory meningeal artery go through foramen spinosum and foramen ovale Runs over pterion
85
What is the practical implications of the middle meningeal artery?
Middle meningeal artery enters skull through foramen spinosum Runs across sutures between temporal and other bones of the skull - pterion .˙. blow to side of the head can damage walls of the artery -> can cause extradural haematoma being potentially fatal
86
Describe the branches of the maxillary artery
1st part - branches to inferior alveoli loop down and come out through mental foramena Supplies incisors and teeth 2nd part - for pterygoids (medial and lateral) Masseterica branch also 3rd part - Goes deeper and gives off branches through infraorbital foramen Gives off palatine branches (descending palatine)
87
Describe the course of the lymph nodes
Have lymph nodes along entirety of jugular system | Allows drainage of lymph - important when dealing w/ cancer patient
88
What are the cervical nodes?
Submental, submandibular and deep cervical nodes
89
Where does the pharyngeal plexus drain into?
SVC
90
What do we need to feel for when trying to examine raised interjugular venous pressure?
External jugular vein Feel during heart failure Jugular vein goes over SCM
91
Describe the structures inside the oral cavity
Soft and hard palatte Uvula - anyone w/ stroke can identify which CN been affected Palatopharyngeal arch - inner aspect at back of pharynx Palatoglossal arch - outer aspect Posterior wall of the pharynx Palatine tonsil - sits in between 2 arches
92
What is the palatine foramena?
There is a greater and lesser foramena | Allows transmission veins and arteries
93
What is at the back of the nasopharynx?
Opening of auditory canal (eustachian tube) - goes to middle ear cavity
94
What is the frenulum of the tongue?
Lift tongue to roof | Big veins run either side
95
What produces saliva?
Sublingual gland - 75% Parotid gland - 25% Submandibular
96
Where does the saliva drain into?
Parotid papilla
97
Where is the opening of the parotid duct?
By 2nd molar | Roughened area inside cheek, opening for saliva stimulated from parotid gland
98
What is the blood supply, venous drainage and innervation of the parotid gland?
Blood supply - Posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries (branches external carotid) Drainage via retromandibular vein Innervation Sensory - auriculotemporal nerve and great auricular nerve Parasympathetic - begins with glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX Synapses w/ otic ganglion to form the auriculotemporal nerve Carries PS fibres to parotid gland - causes increase in saliva production
99
What is the blood supply, venous drainage and innervation of the sublingual gland?
Blood supply: Sublingual artery and submental artery (facial artery) Venous drainage - sublingual and submental veins-> lingual and facial veins and internal jugular veins Innervation: PS - superior salivatory nucleus through pre-synpatic fibres via chordi tympani Branch of facial nerve (CNVII) Chorda tympani unifies w/ lingual branch mandibular nerve CNV2 before synapsing at submandibular ganglion and suspending it by z nerve filaments Symp - originates superior cervical ganglion - where post-synaptic vasoconstriction fibres are a plexus on internal and external carotid arteries, facial artery, submental artery and sublingual arteries to enter each gland
100
What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?
Innervation same as sublingual gland Different portions chordi tympani come off facial nerve which exits through the stylomastoid foramen Trigeminal ganglion fusion from other foramena eg. ovale, retundum Gives off branches to lacrimal gland and face
101
What is the hard palatte formed by?
Palatine process maxilla and horizontal plates of the palatine bones
102
What is a papilloma and a tonsilith?
Papilloma = outgrowths on the tonsils (Aka. kissing tonsils) get v. big Krips in kids Tonsilith = can grow and give indication of palatosis Bacterial growths/pearls are pocketed

Clinical Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions