neural control and coordination Flashcards
what is coordination
process in which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another
which systems coordinate and integrate all activities of the organs
neural and endocrine
describe neural system network
provides network is point to point connections for quick coordination
describe function of endocrine system
provides chemical integration through hormones
how is the neural system in animals
composed of highly specialised cells called neurons which detect receive transmit all types of stimuli
neural organisation in lower invertebrates
hydra is composed of a network of neurons
neural system in insects
a brain with number of ganglia and neural tissue is present
the human neural system is divided into
CNS, PNS
what does the cns include; function
brain and spinal cord; site of information processing and control
what is pns composed of
all nerves associated with cns
nerve fibres of pns are
afferent and efferent nerve fibres
function of afferent nerve fibres
transmit impulses from tissue/organs to cns
function of efferent nerve fibres
transmit regulatory impulses from cns to peripheral tissue/organs
pns divided into
somatic neural system and autonomic neural system
function of somatic nervous system
transmit impulses from cns to skeletal muscles
function of autonomic neural system
transmit impulses from cns to smooth muscles and involuntary organs
ans is divided into
sympathetic nervous system and parasympatheic nervous system
what is visceral nervous system
it is a part of the peripheral nervous system that comprises of whole complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia and plexuses by which impulses travels to and from cns to viscera
function of sympathetic nervous system
responsible for fight or flight of body
works under stressful conditions of body
function of parasympatheic nervous system
responsible for a body at rest
neuron is composed of
cell body,dendrite, axon
what does cell body contain
cytoplasm, typical cell organelles and nissl’s granules
what is nissl’s granules made up of
rrna, free ribosomes
where are nissl’s granules present
cell body and dendrite
what transmit impulses towards cell body
dendrite
what is axon
a long fibre whose distal end is branched
describe synaptic knob
bulb like structure containing chemical called neurotransmitter
function of axon
transmits nerve impulses away from cell body to synapse/neuro-muscular junction
multipolar neuron
one axon with multiple dendrites; cerebral cortex
bipolar neuron
one axon and one dendrite; retina of eye
unipolar neuron
one axon; embryonic stage
pseudopolar neuron
dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord
types of axons
myelinated, unmyelinated
types of axons
myelinated, unmyelinated
myelinated axons
myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with schwann cells which form myelin sheath
space between two adjacent myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
myelinated nerve fibres are found in
spinal and cranial nerves
unmyelinated nerve fibres are found in
autonomous and somatic neural systems
which nerve condition is faster myelinated or unmyelinated
myelinated
saltatory conduction
when impulse jumps from myelin sheath to another, skipping over node of ranvier
what is the synapse composed of
pre synaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, post synaptic membrane
what type of cells are neurons
excitable cells because their membranes are in polarised state
where are the ion channels in the neuron p present
neural membrane
nature of ion channels on neural membrane
selectively permeable to different ions
when a neuron is at rest, axonal membrane is
comparatively more permeable to potassium ions and nearly impermeable to sodium ions and negatively charged proteins
at rest the axoplasm contains
high concentration of potassium and negatively charged proteins inside and low concentration of sodium ions
at rest fluid outside the axon contains
high concentration of sodium ions and l low concentration of potassium ions and negatively charged proteins
what is the concentration gradient maintained by
sodium potassium pumps
function of Na-K pump
transports 3 Na outside for 2K into the cell
result of Na-K pump
axonal membrane gains negative charge inside and positive charge outside therefore it is polarised
what resting potential
electrical potential difference across resting plasma membrane is called resting potential
what resting potential
electrical potential difference across resting plasma membrane is called resting potential
