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zoology > breathing and exchange of gases > Flashcards

breathing and exchange of gases Flashcards

1
Q

what does mechanisms of breathing depend upon

A

habitat and level of organisation

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2
Q

respiratory structure of sponges coelentratstes, flatworms

A

simple diffusion

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3
Q

respiratory structure of earthworms,

A

most cuticle

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4
Q

respiratory structure of insects

A

tracheal tubes

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5
Q

respiratory structure of aquatic arthropods, molluscs

A

gills

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6
Q

respiratory structure of terrestrial creatures

A

lungs

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7
Q

respiratory structure of fishes

A

gills

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8
Q

respiratory structure of amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

A

lungs

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9
Q

respiratory structure of tadpole of frog

A

Gills

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10
Q

respiratory structures of frog

A

buccal cavity, lungs, gills, moist skin

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11
Q

respiration through moist skin is called

A

cutaneous respiration

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12
Q

respiration through gills is called

A

branchial respiration

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13
Q

respiration through lungs is called

A

pulmonary respiration

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14
Q

what does the respiratory system contain

A

respiratory passage and respiratory organs

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15
Q

what does the respiratory passage contain

A

pair of nostrils, nasal cavity, a pair of internal nares, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

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16
Q

what does the nasal chamber lead through

A

nasal passage

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17
Q

what does the nasal chamber open into

A

pharynx

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18
Q

what is the common passage for food and air

A

a portion of the pharynx

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19
Q

what does the Pharynx open into

A

larynx

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20
Q

what does the larynx region open into

A

trachea

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21
Q

what is the nature of larynx

A

cartilagenous box

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22
Q

what is larynx also called

A

sound box

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23
Q

what is glottis covered by during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

describe structure and function of epiglottis

A

thin elastic cartilagenous flap that prevents entry of food in the larynx

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25
Q

where does trachea divide

A

at the level o of 5th thoracic vertebrae

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26
Q

division of the tracgea

A

left and right primary bronchi

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27
Q

what do the primary bronchi divide to form

A

secondary and tertiary bronchi

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28
Q

what do the secondary and tertiary bronchi divide to form

A

Bronchioles

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29
Q

what do the bronchioles divide to form

A

terminal bronchioles

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30
Q

what structures are supported by c-shaped incomplete cartilagenous rings

A

the tracheae, primary bronchi, secondary, tertiary, intial bronchioles,

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31
Q

what do the terminal bronchioles give rise to

A

thin irregular-walled, vascularized, bag like structures called alveoli

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32
Q

what is the respiratory surface of lungs

A

alveoli

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33
Q

what are the lungs covered by

A

double layered pleural membrane

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34
Q

the pleural membrane consists of

A

inner visceral membrane, outer parietal membrane

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35
Q

what is present in between the two membranes

A

pleural fluid

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36
Q

function of pleural fluid

A

reduces friction

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37
Q

what constitutes the conducting pathway of respiratory system

A

external nostrils to terminal bronchioles

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38
Q

function of conducting pathway

A

transports atmospheric air, filters the air, humidifies and brings air to body temperature

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39
Q

where does actual exchange of gases occur

A

alveoli

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40
Q

where are the lungs situated

A

thoracic chamber

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41
Q

describe the thoracic cavity

A

anatomically an air tight chamber

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42
Q

thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by

A

vertebral column

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43
Q

thoracic chamber is formed venetrally by

A

sternum

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44
Q

thoracic chamber is formed laterally hy

A

ribs

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45
Q

thoracic chamber is formed on the lower side by

A

diaphram

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46
Q

what does the anatomical setup of lungs in thorax ensure

A

that any change in the volume of the cavity will be refunded reflected in the pulmonary cavity

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47
Q

can we directly alter the pulmonary volume

A

no

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48
Q

what is trachea also called

A

wind pipe

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49
Q

structure and function of c shaped incomplete cartilagenous rings

A

hyaline cartilage, prevents the ducts from collapsing

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50
Q

how many alveoli are present in both lungs

A

300 million

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51
Q

how many alveoli are present in both lungs

A

300 million

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52
Q

what tissue are alveoli made up of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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53
Q

what is secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells

A

Lecithin

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54
Q

function of lecithin

A

reduces surface tension, prevents collapsing of alveoli

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55
Q

what is the first step of pulmonary respiration

A

breathing through which co2 is exhaled and o2 is inhaled

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56
Q

what is the second step of pulmonary respiration

A

diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane

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57
Q

3rd step of respiration

A

transport of gases through blood

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58
Q

4th step of respiration

A

diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

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59
Q

5th step of respiration

A

utilisation of o2 for catabolic reactions

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60
Q

two step of breathing

A

inspiration, expiration

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61
Q

how is the mechanism of breathing carried out

A

by creating a pressure gradient

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62
Q

when does inspiration occur

A

when intra pulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure

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63
Q

when does expiration take place

A

when intra pulmonary pressure is more than atmospheric pressure

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64
Q

what organs help in creating the pressure gradient

A

diaphram, specialized set of external and internal intercostal muscles

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65
Q

how is inspiration initiated

A

contraction of diaphragm

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66
Q

change in volume during inspiration

A

increase in volume in the thoracic chamber in the antero posterior axis

67
Q

external intercoastal muscles during inspiration; result

A

contract, lift up the ribs and cause increase in volume in dorso-ventral acis

68
Q

during expiration, diaphragm

A

relaxes

69
Q

during expiration, external intercoastal muscles

A

relaxes

70
Q

what muscles help in forceful expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

71
Q

during forceful expiration, internal intercostal muscles

A

contract

72
Q

during forceful expiration, abdominal muscles

A

contacts

73
Q

breathing rate of a healthy human

A

12-16/min

74
Q

what device helps in estimating volume of air in breathing movements

A

spirometer

75
Q

what is respiratory volume

A

quantity of air our lungs can hold our expert under different conditions

76
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration

77
Q

what is the value of tidal volume

A

500ml

78
Q

how much can a healthy man inspire or expire

A

6000ml-8000ml / min

79
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air a person can inspire by forceful inspiration

80
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air a person can expire under forceful expiration

81
Q

value of inspiratory reserve volume

A

2500-3000ml/min

82
Q

value of expiratory reserve volume

A

1000-1100ml/min

83
Q

what is residual volume-

A

the volume of air present in the lungs even after a forceful expiration

84
Q

value of residual volume-

A

1100ml-1200ml

85
Q

what is inspiratory capacity

A

total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration

86
Q

what is included in inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume IRV

87
Q

what is expiratory capacity

A

total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration

88
Q

what is included in expiratory capacity

A

TV, ERV

89
Q

what is functional residual capacity

A

total volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration

90
Q

what is included in FRC

A

ERV, RV

91
Q

what is vital capacity

A

total volume of air a person can inspire after a forced expiration or risk volume of air a person can expire after a forced inspiration

92
Q

what is included in VC

A

ERv IRV TV

93
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

total volume of air in lungs after a forced inspiration

94
Q

which volume cannot be determined by spirometer

A

residual volume-

95
Q

what is partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture of gases

96
Q

solubility o of co2 wrt to o2

A

20-25 times more soluble

97
Q

what is the diffusion membrane composed of

A

thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of blood vessels, basement substance

98
Q

thickness of diffusion membrane

A

0.2-0.3 nanomenter thick

99
Q

what is the primary site for exchange of gases

A

alveoli

100
Q

what is the po2 in atmospheric air

A

159 per mmhg5

101
Q

what is the po2 in alveoli

A

104 mmHg

102
Q

what is the po2 in deoxygenated blood

A

40 mmHg

103
Q

what is the po2 in oxygenated blood

A

95 mmHg

104
Q

what is the po2 in tissues

A

40 mmHg

105
Q

what is the po2 in expired air

A

1200
mmHg

106
Q

what is the co2 in atmospheric air

A

0.3 mmHg

107
Q

what is the co2 in alveoli

A

40 mmHg

108
Q

what is the co2 in deoxygenated blood

A

45 mmHg

109
Q

what is the co2 in oxygenated blood

A

40 mmHg

110
Q

what is the co2 in tissues

A

45 mmHg

111
Q

what is the co2 in expired air

A

27 mmHg

112
Q

what percent of o2 is transported in dissolved form in plasma

A

3%

113
Q

what percent of blood is carried by rbcs in blood

A

97%

114
Q

describe haemoglobin

A

haem i is the iron part, globin is the protein part

115
Q

what is formed by joining of haemoglobin and o2

A

oxyhaemoglobin

116
Q

in what m manner does o2 bind with haemoglobin

A

reversible manner

117
Q

how many molecules of o2 can one molecule of hemoglobin carry

A

4 molecules of o2

118
Q

where does o2 bind with haemoglobin

A

lungs

119
Q

where does o2 dissociate with haemoglobin

A

tissuee

120
Q

how much is the haemoglobin level in a normal person

A

15 g in 100 ml of blood

121
Q

capacity of 1g of hemoglobin to combine with o2 iis

A

1.34 ml

122
Q

how much o2 does arterial blood transport

A

20 ml per 100 ml

123
Q

how much o2 do venules transport

A

14.4 ml per 100 ml of blood

124
Q

how muc o2 by blood is transported to tissues under normal condition

A

5ml

125
Q

how much o2 is transported to tissue under strenuous conditions

A

15 ml per 20 ml

126
Q

what is o2 dissociation graph

A

graph plotted against percentage saturation is hb with o2 and partial pressure of o2

127
Q

what is the shape of o2 dissociation graph

A

sigmoid, s shape

128
Q

where does dissociation of o2 occur/right shift

A

tissue

129
Q

where does association of o2 occur/left shift

A

lungs

130
Q

factors affecting dissociation of o2

A

low po2, High co2, high h+ concentration, high temperature

131
Q

factors affecting association of o2

A

high po2, low co2, low h+ concentration, high H, low temperature

132
Q

another factor affecting dissociation of o2

A

diphosphoglyceric acid(2,3DBG)
promotes dissociation

133
Q

which has higher o2 affinity Hb-A, Hb-F

A

Hb-F

134
Q

why does fetal haemoglobin have higher o2 affinity

A

it binds less strongly with Bipgosphoglyceric acid

135
Q

what percent of co2 is transported in dissolved form

A

7% in blood plasma

136
Q

what percentage of co2 is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions

A

70%

137
Q

what enzyme facilitates the formation of carbonic acid and its breakdown

A

carbonic anhydrase

138
Q

where is carbonic anhydrase found in high concentration

A

rbcs

139
Q

where is carbonic anhydrase found in low concentration

A

plasma

140
Q

where is co2 trapped as bicarbonate

A

tissue level

141
Q

what percent of co2 is transported in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin

A

20-25%

142
Q

what does co2 bind with in haemoglobin

A

the amino part of globin part of haemoglobin

143
Q

factors that affect binding of haemoglobin with co2

A

in tissues, high pco2, in alveoli, low pco2

144
Q

how much co2 is delievered to alveoli o per 100ml of blood

A

4ml

145
Q

how long does inspiration last

A

2 seva

146
Q

how long does expiration last

A

3 secs

147
Q

how many times does an infant breath

A

44/min

148
Q

what controls respiration

A

neural system

149
Q

what is the function of respiratory rhythm centre

A

regulate respiratory rhythm

150
Q

where is the pneumotaxic centre located

A

pons region of hind brain

151
Q

function of pneumotaxic centre

A

sends neural signals to reduce duration of inspiration and alter respiratory rate

152
Q

where is the chemosensitive area located

A

adjacent to rhythm centre

153
Q

what is the chemosensitive area sensitive towards

A

rise in co2 and h+ ions

154
Q

what receptors can recognise changes in co2 and h+ concentration

A

aortic arch and carotid artery receptors

155
Q

whose role is quite insignificant in the regulation o of respiratory rhythm

A

oxygen

156
Q

what is asthma

A

difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

157
Q

what causes asthma

A

allergens

158
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

wheezing, coughing spasm of smooth muscles of bronchioles

159
Q

what is emphysema

A

chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged and respiratory surface is decreased

160
Q

cause of emphysema

A

cigarette smoking

161
Q

what is cause of occupational respiratory disorders

A

long exposure to fumes, dust, gases leads to proliferation of fibrous tissue

162
Q

what is cause of occupational respiratory disorders

A

long exposure to fumes, dust, gases leads to proliferation of fibrous tissue

163
Q

what are some occupational respiratory disorders

A

pneumonoconiosis

164
Q

occupational respiratory disorders

A

silicosis, asbestosis

zoology (4 decks)

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