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zoology > excretory products and their elimination > Flashcards

excretory products and their elimination Flashcards

1
Q

most toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

ammonia

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2
Q

least toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

uric acid

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3
Q

process oof excreting ammonia and examples of ammonotelic animals

A

aquatic amphibians, aquatic insects, bony fishes, amoeba, crayfish, hydra, sponges, tadpole of frog

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4
Q

how is ammonia excreted out of the body

A

through simple diffusion across body surfaces or through gills as ammonium ions

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5
Q

process of excretion of urea and examples of ureotelic animals

A

mammals, terrestrial amphibians, marine fishes

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6
Q

how and where is urea synthesized in ureotelic animals

A

ammonia produced by metabolism is synthesized into urea in the liver and released into blood where it filtered out of the kidneys

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7
Q

some amount of urea is maintained in the kidney matrix of ureotelic animals - ?

A

to maintain desired osmolarity

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8
Q

how many times less toxic is urea than ammonia

A

1,00,000 times less toxic

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9
Q

process of excretion of uric acid and its examples

A

uricotelism ; reptiles, birds, land snails, insects

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10
Q

uric acid is excreted in the form of

A

pellet or paste

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11
Q

excretory structures in vertebrates

A

complex tubular structures called kidneys

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12
Q

invertebrates excretory structures

A

simple tubular forms

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13
Q

protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structure in

A

platyhelminthes(flatworms) - planaris, some annelids, rotifers, cephalocorddates - amphioxus

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14
Q

protonephridia function

A

maintaining ionic and fluid volume- osmoregulation

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15
Q

nephridia is found in

A

earthworms, other annelids

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16
Q

function pf nephridia

A

ionic and fluid volume balance, excretion of nitrogenous wastes

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17
Q

malphigian tubules are found in

A

insects like cockroach

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18
Q

antennal or green glands are found in

A

crustasceans like prawns

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19
Q

excretory system in humans contains

A

a pair of kidneys, pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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20
Q

location of kidneys

A

between last thoracic vertebrae to 3rd lumbar vertebrae
dorsal inner wall of abdominal wall

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21
Q

dimensions of kidneys

A

10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3cm in thickness, 120-170 g

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22
Q

describe location of kidneys in humans

A

the left kidney is a little higher than the right one as the right kidney needs to be a little lower to accomodate the liver

23
Q

concave notch towards the inner surface of kidneys

A

hilum

24
Q

what passes through hilum

A

nerves, veins, arteries,ureters

25
Q

outer most covering of kidney

A

tough capsule made up of white fibrous connective tissue

26
Q

kidney is divided into two regions

A

outer cortex, inner medulla

27
Q

what arrangement does kidney have with peritoneal cover

A

peritoneal cover is only present on the ventral side of the kidneys as the dorsal side is fused with abdominal wall - retroperitoneal arrangement

28
Q

medulla is divided into

A

medullary pyramids

29
Q

medullary pyramids extend into the

A

calyx

30
Q

the cortex extends in between medullary pyramids as

A

columns of bertini

31
Q

osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid is

A

1200mOsm/L

32
Q

urinary bladder is divided into

A

neck and body region

33
Q

lenth of ureters

A

25-3o cm

34
Q

sphincters of urinary bladders

A

internal involuntary sphincter, external voluntary sphincter

35
Q

where is urine stores

A

urinary bladder

36
Q

signal to release urine is initiated by

A

walls of the urinary bladder being stretched

37
Q

stretch receptors on urinary bladder wall send signal to ; nature of signal

A

voluntary signals to CNS

38
Q

what messages does CNS pass ; outcome ?

A

motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of bladder

39
Q

what muscles contract during micturition

A

detrusor muscles

40
Q

sphincters of urinary bladder during micturition

A

sphincter undergo relaxation

41
Q

process of passing of urine is called

A

micturition

42
Q

neural mechanisms causing micturition is called

A

micturition reflex

43
Q

adult human excretes

A

1-1.5 litres of urine per day

44
Q

nature of urine

A

characteristic odour, light yellow watery fluid, pH of 6.0 ( slightly acidic

45
Q

how much urea is excreted out per day

A

25-30 gm

46
Q

presence of glucose in urine

A

glycosuria

47
Q

glycosuria is caused by

A

low levels of insulin which cause blood glucose levels to increase leading to less reabsorption of glucose and increase in glucose in urine

48
Q

presence of ketone bodies in urine

A

ketonuria

49
Q

ketonuria is caused by

A

hyposecretion of insulin, glucose cannot be used for energy, breakdown of fat creating ketone bodies in blood

50
Q

glycosuria and ketonuria are indicative of

A

diabetes mellitus

51
Q

inflammation of glomeruli and symptoms

A

glomerulonephritis
presence of proteins(albumin) in urine

52
Q

jaundice

A

bile salts and pigments

53
Q

hyperthyroidism, starvation

A

creatinine

zoology (4 decks)

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