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zoology > excretory products and their elimination > Flashcards

excretory products and their elimination Flashcards

1
Q

most toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

ammonia

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2
Q

least toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

uric acid

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3
Q

process oof excreting ammonia and examples of ammonotelic animals

A

aquatic amphibians, aquatic insects, bony fishes, amoeba, crayfish, hydra, sponges, tadpole of frog

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4
Q

how is ammonia excreted out of the body

A

through simple diffusion across body surfaces or through gills as ammonium ions

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5
Q

process of excretion of urea and examples of ureotelic animals

A

mammals, terrestrial amphibians, marine fishes

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6
Q

how and where is urea synthesized in ureotelic animals

A

ammonia produced by metabolism is synthesized into urea in the liver and released into blood where it filtered out of the kidneys

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7
Q

some amount of urea is maintained in the kidney matrix of ureotelic animals - ?

A

to maintain desired osmolarity

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8
Q

how many times less toxic is urea than ammonia

A

1,00,000 times less toxic

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9
Q

process of excretion of uric acid and its examples

A

uricotelism ; reptiles, birds, land snails, insects

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10
Q

uric acid is excreted in the form of

A

pellet or paste

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11
Q

excretory structures in vertebrates

A

complex tubular structures called kidneys

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12
Q

invertebrates excretory structures

A

simple tubular forms

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13
Q

protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structure in

A

platyhelminthes(flatworms) - planaris, some annelids, rotifers, cephalocorddates - amphioxus

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14
Q

protonephridia function

A

maintaining ionic and fluid volume- osmoregulation

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15
Q

nephridia is found in

A

earthworms, other annelids

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16
Q

function pf nephridia

A

ionic and fluid volume balance, excretion of nitrogenous wastes

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17
Q

malphigian tubules are found in

A

insects like cockroach

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18
Q

antennal or green glands are found in

A

crustasceans like prawns

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19
Q

excretory system in humans contains

A

a pair of kidneys, pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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20
Q

location of kidneys

A

between last thoracic vertebrae to 3rd lumbar vertebrae
dorsal inner wall of abdominal wall

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21
Q

dimensions of kidneys

A

10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3cm in thickness, 120-170 g

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22
Q

describe location of kidneys in humans

A

the left kidney is a little higher than the right one as the right kidney needs to be a little lower to accomodate the liver

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23
Q

concave notch towards the inner surface of kidneys

A

hilum

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24
Q

what passes through hilum

A

nerves, veins, arteries,ureters

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25
Q

outer most covering of kidney

A

tough capsule made up of white fibrous connective tissue

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26
Q

kidney is divided into two regions

A

outer cortex, inner medulla

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27
Q

what arrangement does kidney have with peritoneal cover

A

peritoneal cover is only present on the ventral side of the kidneys as the dorsal side is fused with abdominal wall - retroperitoneal arrangement

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28
Q

medulla is divided into

A

medullary pyramids

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29
Q

medullary pyramids extend into the

A

calyx

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30
Q

the cortex extends in between medullary pyramids as

A

columns of bertini

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31
Q

osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid is

A

1200mOsm/L

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32
Q

urinary bladder is divided into

A

neck and body region

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33
Q

lenth of ureters

A

25-3o cm

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34
Q

sphincters of urinary bladders

A

internal involuntary sphincter, external voluntary sphincter

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35
Q

where is urine stores

A

urinary bladder

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36
Q

signal to release urine is initiated by

A

walls of the urinary bladder being stretched

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37
Q

stretch receptors on urinary bladder wall send signal to ; nature of signal

A

voluntary signals to CNS

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38
Q

what messages does CNS pass ; outcome ?

A

motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of bladder

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39
Q

what muscles contract during micturition

A

detrusor muscles

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40
Q

sphincters of urinary bladder during micturition

A

sphincter undergo relaxation

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41
Q

process of passing of urine is called

A

micturition

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42
Q

neural mechanisms causing micturition is called

A

micturition reflex

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43
Q

adult human excretes

A

1-1.5 litres of urine per day

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44
Q

nature of urine

A

characteristic odour, light yellow watery fluid, pH of 6.0 ( slightly acidic

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45
Q

how much urea is excreted out per day

A

25-30 gm

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46
Q

presence of glucose in urine

A

glycosuria

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47
Q

glycosuria is caused by

A

low levels of insulin which cause blood glucose levels to increase leading to less reabsorption of glucose and increase in glucose in urine

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48
Q

presence of ketone bodies in urine

A

ketonuria

49
Q

ketonuria is caused by

A

hyposecretion of insulin, glucose cannot be used for energy, breakdown of fat creating ketone bodies in blood

50
Q

glycosuria and ketonuria are indicative of

A

diabetes mellitus

51
Q

inflammation of glomeruli and symptoms

A

glomerulonephritis
presence of proteins(albumin) in urine

52
Q

jaundice

A

bile salts and pigments

53
Q

hyperthyroidism, starvation

A

creatinine

54
Q

what is nephron

A

complex tubular structural units of kidneys

55
Q

what is nephron

A

complex tubular structural units of kidneys

56
Q

parts of nephron

A

glomerulus and renal tubule

57
Q

what is glomerulus

A

a tuft of capillaries formed from afferent arterioles, a fine branch of renal artery

58
Q

blood from glomerulus is carried away by

A

efferent arterioles

59
Q

what is nephron also called

A

uriniferous tubules

60
Q

the renal tubule begins with

A

double walled cup like structure called bowman’s capsule

61
Q

what does bowman’s capsule enclose

A

glomerulus

62
Q

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule is called

A

malphigian tubules or renal corpuscle

63
Q

the malphigian body continue as

A

a highly coiled network called proximal convoluted tubules

64
Q

PCT is lined by

A

brush bordered cuboidal epithelium

65
Q

pct descend into

A

loop of henle

66
Q

loop of henle consists of

A

an ascending arm and descending arm

67
Q

the ascending limb continues as

A

a highly coiled tubular structure called distal convoluted tubule

68
Q

the DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube called

A

collecting duct

69
Q

the collecting ducts converge

A

and open into the renal pelvis throught m medullary pyramids in the calyx

70
Q

collecting ducts open enter throught the medulla region and form

A

ducts of belllinii

71
Q

collecting ducts open enter throught the medulla region and form

A

ducts of belllinii

72
Q

what structures lie in the cortical region of nephron

A

malphigian corpuscles pct, dct

73
Q

what structures lie in the medulla

A

loop of henle

74
Q

cortical nephrons

A

loop of henle is short, does not dip into medulla, 80% of all nephrons, malphigian body is in cortex

75
Q

juxta-medullary nephron

A

20%, loop of henle is long and dips into medulla, Vasa recta is present, helps in concentrated urine formation

76
Q

the efferent arterioles emerging from glomerulus forms a fine capillary network around renal tubule called

A

peritubular capillaries

77
Q

3 main processes of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion that rahe place in different parts of nephron

78
Q

net pressure that causes fluid to filter out of glomerulus into capsule

A

20mmhg

79
Q

first step in urine formation

A

blood filtration-glomerular filtration

80
Q

how much blood is filtered by kidneys per minute

A

1100-1200 ml it constitutes roughly 1/5th of the blood pumped out by each ventricle i in a minute

81
Q

what causes filtration of blood

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

82
Q

what causes filtration of blood

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

83
Q

3 layers of glomerular filtration layer

A

endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, epithelium of bowman’s capsule, basement substance in between

84
Q

epithelial cells of bowman’s capsule

A

podocytes

85
Q

arrangement of podocytes

A

arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave some minute space called filtration slits or slit pores

86
Q

GFR in a healthy individual

A

125ml/min, 180 litres per day

87
Q

what is JGA

A

a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications of dct and afferent arterioles at the place of their concact

88
Q

a fall in gfr activates jg cells to release

A

renin; increase glomerulus blood flow and gfr

89
Q

how much urine is formed in a day

A

1.5 litres

90
Q

how m much filtrate has to be reabsorbed by renal tubules

A

99%

91
Q

what cells perform reabsorption

A

tubular epithelial cells of nephron by active or passive mechanism

92
Q

substance reabsorbed actively

A

glucose, amino acids, Na+

93
Q

substances reabsorbed passively

A

water and n2 wastes

94
Q

where does reabsorption of water take place

A

in initial segments of nephron

95
Q

tubular secretion

A

tubular secretion helps in ionic and acid base balance of body fluids

96
Q

tubular cells secrete

A

H+,K+ and ammonia into filtrate

97
Q

why is pct lined by brush bordered epithelium

A

to increase surface area for absorption

98
Q

what is absorbed by pct

A

nearly all essential nutrients, 70-80% of electrolytes and water

99
Q

selective secretion of pct

A

selective secretion of H+,K+, ammonia into filtrate and absorption of HCO3- from filtrate

100
Q

selective secretion of pct maintains

A

pH and ionic balance

101
Q

where does conditional reabsorption of na+ and water take place

A

dct

102
Q

reabsorption in dct

A

HCO3-

103
Q

selective secretion in dct

A

maintains ph and sodium potassium balance in blood, H2,K+,NH3

104
Q

where is reabsorption minimum in loop of henle

A

ascending limb

105
Q

role of ascending limb

A

Significant role in maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid

106
Q

the descending limb is permeable to

A

water, almost impermeable to electrolytes

107
Q

effect of descending limb on filtrate

A

concentrate filtrate as it moves down

108
Q

the ascending limb is permeable to

A

electrolytes, impermeable to water

109
Q

the ascending limb is permeable to

A

electrolytes, impermeable to water

110
Q

effect of ascending limb on filtrate

A

dilutes filtrate as it moves up due to passage of electrolytes actively or passively

111
Q

where does collecting ducts extend to

A

from cortex to inner parts of medulla

112
Q

large amounts of water is absorbed by

A

collecting duct to produce concentrated urine

113
Q

how does collecting duct play role in maintaining osmolarity

A

collecting ducts allow passage of small amounts of urea into medullary interstitium

114
Q

selective secretion of collecting ducts

A

H+ and K+

115
Q

selective secretion of collecting ducts

A

H+ and K+

116
Q

who has the ability to produce concentrated urine

A

mammals

117
Q

segments of nephron playing a significant role in concentration of urine

A

vasa recta, henle loop

118
Q

the capability of concentration of urine relies on the

A

length of the henle loop

119
Q

the flow of filtrate in both limbs of henle loop is

A

is in opposite directions

zoology (5 decks)

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