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Neuroscience > NEUR 0010 - Chapter 16 > Flashcards

NEUR 0010 - Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the hypothalamic response to regulate homeostasis?

A

Humoral response, visceromotor response, and somatic motor response

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2
Q

What is the humoral response of the hypothalamus to homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamic neurons stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary hormones

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3
Q

What is the visceromotor response of the hypothalamus to homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamic neurons adjust the balance of SANS and PANS

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4
Q

What is the somatic response of the hypothalamus to homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamic neurons incite appropriate motor behavioral response

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5
Q

How is energy stored in the prandial state?

A

Glycogen and triglycerides

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6
Q

Where are glycogen and triglycerides stores?

A

Glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle; triglycerides in adipose tissue

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7
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The assembly of glycogen and triglycerides from simple precursors

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8
Q

What is the postabsorptive state?

A

Stores glycogen and triglycerides are broken down to provide the body with continuous energy like glucose, fatty acids, ketones, etc.

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9
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The process of breaking down complex molecules

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10
Q

Where are the hypothalamic cells that detect a drop in leptin?

A

Periventricular hypothalamus

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11
Q

Where are the neurons that incite feeding behavior?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is leptin?

A

A protein released by adipocytes, coded by the ob gene; regulates body mass by acting directly on neurons of yhe hypothalamus that decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure

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13
Q

What is lateral hypothalamic syndrome?

A

Causes lack of appetite; anorexia

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14
Q

What is ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome?

A

Causes overappetite and overeating; obesity

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15
Q

What parts of the hypothalamus are the hunger vs satiety centers?

A

Hunger center = lateral; Satiety center = ventromedial

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16
Q

What is the arcuate nucleus?

A

In the hypothalamus: contains leptin receptors

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17
Q

What two NTs characterize arcuate nucleus neurons?

A

Alpha MSH and CART

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18
Q

What is the body’s response to high leptin?

A

Humoral response (increased TSH and ACTH secretion to raise metabolic rate); Visceromotor response (increases SANS tone to raise metabolic rate); Somatic motor response (decreases feeding behavior)

19
Q

What triggers the humoral response to high leptin?

A

Activation of the paraventricular nucleus: causes release of hypophysiotropic hormones that stimulate release of TSH and ACTH from the anterior pituitary

20
Q

What triggers the visceromotor response to high leptin?

A

Activation of the paraventricular nucleus: affects the SANS to the lower brain stem and spinal cord; AND arcuate nucleus direct path: alphaMSH and CART neurons project into intermediolateral gray matter of the spinal cord

21
Q

What triggers the somatic motor response to high leptin?

A

Feeding behavior inhibited via connections of acruate nucleus neurons with cells in the lateral hypothalamus

22
Q

What are two anorectic peptides?

A

alphaMSH and CART: mimic response to elevated leptin levels; diminish appetite

23
Q

Low leptin triggers release of what two molecules?

A

NPY and AgRP

24
Q

What are NPY and AgRP?

A

Peptides released by the arcuate nucleus; in response to low leptin, DECREASE the secretion of TSH and ACTH (lower metabolic rate) and activate PANS

25
Q

What are two orexigenic peptides?

A

NPY and AgRP

26
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is responsible for feeding behavior?

A

Lateral hypothalamic area

27
Q

What is MCH?

A

Peptide hormone in the lateral hypothalamic area cells; informs the cortex of leptin levels in the blood, and motivates the search for food

28
Q

What is orexin?

A

Peptide in the lateral hypothalamic area cells: rise in the brain when leptin blood levels falls

29
Q

What is the hypothalamic response to low leptin?

A

Release in NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus, and MCH and orexin in the lateral hypothalamic area

30
Q

What are the three phases of short term feeding regulation?

A

Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal (substrate)

31
Q

What is the cephalic phase of short term feeding regulation?

A

Activation of SANS and PANS to prepare you for food; salivating, smelling, etc.

32
Q

What is the gastric phase of short term feeding regulation?

A

When your stomach fills with food

33
Q

What is the substrate phase of short term feeding regulation?

A

When your stomach is filled and the nutrients begin to get absorbed

34
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

A peptide that stimulates hunger when stomach is empty; activates NPY and AgRP cells of the arcuate nucleus

35
Q

What are three main satiety signals?

A

Gastric distension, CCK, and insulin

36
Q

What is gastric distension?

A

Stomach stretching, which sends feedback to brain via vagus nerve

37
Q

Where do the sensory axons of the vagus nerve enter the medulla?

A

Through the nucleus of the solitary tract

38
Q

What is CCK?

A

Peptide that inhibits meal frequency and size: present in some intestinal lining cells; released by fatty food ingestion especially; acts on vagal sensory axons synergistically with gastric distension

39
Q

What is required for glucose transport into cells?

A

Insulin

40
Q

Why is insulin required for both anabolism and catabolism?

A

Need it to transport glucose into the liver/skeletal muscle/adipocytes for storage, but also to be liberated from storage to be used as fuel

41
Q

How do levels of serotonin vary by food intake?

A

Low serotonin in the postabsorptive state; rising serotonin when anticipating food; spike during a meal, especially for carbs

42
Q

What senses hypertonicity of blood and stimulates thirst?

A

OVLT (vascular organ of the lamina terminalis) in the telencephalon, lacks the BBB

43
Q

What part of the hypothalamus detects cold/heat?

A

Anterior hypothalamus: causes TSH release/inhibition from anterior pituitary

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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