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Neuroscience > NEUR 0010 - Chapter 15 > Flashcards

NEUR 0010 - Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three components of the NS that operate in expanded space and time?

A

The secretory hypothalamus, the ANS, and the CNS

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2
Q

What controls the ANS?

A

The hypothalamus

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3
Q

What kind of postsynaptic receptors does the CNS use?

A

Metabotropic

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4
Q

What are diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

A

Part of the CNS: regulate level of arousal and mood, among other things

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5
Q

How do the functions of the hypothalamus and thalamus differ?

A

Hypothalamus = integrating somatic/visceral responses in accordance with the brain’s needs; Thalamus = pathway to the neocortex

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6
Q

What are the three zones of the hypothalamus?

A

Periventricular, medial, and lateral

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7
Q

What are the three main cell types in the PVZ of the hypothalamus?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (receive direct retinal innervation, synchronize circadian rhythms); control ANS; neurosecretory neurons

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8
Q

What hypothalamic cells extend into the posterior pituitary?

A

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells

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9
Q

What two neurohormones do the magno neurosecretory cells release into the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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10
Q

How do the kidneys and liver regulate blood volume and pressure?

A

Kidneys release renin, which converts angiotensinogen (from liver) into angiotensin I, into angiotensin II, which acts directly on blood vessels and the kidney

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11
Q

What part of the brain detects angiotensin II?

A

Subfornical organ

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12
Q

What hypothalamic cells extend into the anterior pituitary?

A

Parvocellular neurosecretory cells

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13
Q

How does the hypothalamus secrete to the anterior pituitary?

A

Extend axons to special capillary bed in the upper pituitary to release hypophysiotropic hormones; these HPThormones, hit the hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation and travel until they bind in the anterior pituitary, which releases or stops hormones in the general circulation

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14
Q

How do the cell bodies of the somatic and autonomic lower motor neurons differ?

A

Somatic = in the CNS (ventral horn or brain stem); Autonomic = outside CNS, in the autonomic ganglia

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15
Q

What does it mean that the ANS uses disynaptic pathways?

A

Preganglionic neuron from the spinal cord/brain stem to the autonomic ganglia, then a post ganglionic neuron from the autonomic ganglia to the target cells

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16
Q

What is the difference in emergence between the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?

A

Sympathetic: emerge in upper third (thoracic/lumbar); Parasympathetic: emerge in cervical and sacral (upper and lower extremes)

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17
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons the sympathetic ANS?

A

Intermediolateral gray matter of the spinal cord: sand axons through ventral roots to synapse on sympathetic chain ganglia, next to spinal column, or in collateral ganglia in the abdominal cavity

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18
Q

Where are the two places that preganglionic sympathetic ANS neurons can synapse?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia next to the spinal column, or collateral ganglia in the abdominal cavity

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19
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic ANS?

A

Brain stem nuclei and lower spinal cord: send axons within cranial nerves and sacral nerves to right next to the target organs

20
Q

What are the three types of tissue innervated by the ANS?

A

Glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

21
Q

What are the two divisions of the enteric system?

A

Myenteric plexus and submucous plexus

22
Q

What does the nucleus of the solitary tract do?

A

Autonomic control: integrates sensory info from internal organs and coordinates output to autonomic brain stem nuclei

23
Q

Why do most drugs have greater effect on ANS vs CNS?

A

ANS ganglia outside the BBB

24
Q

What is the primary transmitter of the peripheral ANS?

A

ACh: released by the preganglionic neurons of the SANS and the PANS

25
Q

What kinds of ACh receptors does ACh bind to, after being released by the SANS and PANS pregang neurons?

A

Nicotinic: nAChR, evokes fast EPSP; AND muscarinic: mAChR, evokes slow EPSP/IPSP

26
Q

What is the difference in NT secretion by the postgang SANS and PANS?

A

PANS also secretes ACh (like pregang), but SANS mostly secretes NE

27
Q

What are the effects of postgang PANS ACh?

A

Fast mAChR local response

28
Q

What are the effects of postgang SANS NE?

A

Far spreading effect

29
Q

What does it mean for a drug to sympathomimetic?

A

Mimic activation of SANS: promote NE and inhibit ACh

30
Q

What does it mean for a drug to be parasymathomimetic?

A

Mimic activation of PANS: inhibit NE and promote ACh

31
Q

Which of these are sympathomimetic vs parasympathomimetic?

A

Atropine is SANS, propanolol is PANS

32
Q

What are the four main characteristics of diffuse modulatory systems?

A

The core is usually a small set of neurons; the core neurons arise from the brain’s core, usually the brain stem; they contact tens of thousands of neurons; the synapses are made through ECF, so it’s very diffuse

33
Q

What is the locus coeruleus?

A

Tiny spot in pons that uses NE

34
Q

What do we believe is the importance of the locus coeruleus to attenion?

A

Increases brain responsiveness, especially to novel stimuli

35
Q

What are the raphe nuclei?

A

Spots on the sides of the midbrain; secrete 5HT

36
Q

What is the difference in caudal vs rostral raphe nuclei?

A

Caudal innervates the spinal cord for pain-related signals; Rostral innervates similarly to the locus coeruleus

37
Q

The locus coeruleus and the Raphe nuclei are both part of what system?

A

Ascending reticular activating system: core of arousal and awakening of the forebrain

38
Q

What are the brain structures most concentrated in DA?

A

Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

39
Q

What is the mesocortiolimbic dopamine system?

A

The dopaminergic projection from the midbrain, related to reward and reinforcement

40
Q

What are the two major diffuse modulatory systems for ACh?

A

Basal forebrain complex and pontomesencephalotegmental complex

41
Q

What is the basal forebrain complex?

A

Scattered cholinergic neurons around the telencephalon: medial septal nuclei and basal nucleus of Meynert

42
Q

What are the two parts of the basal forebrain complex?

A

Medial septal nuclei and basal nucleus of Meynert

43
Q

What is the importance of the basal forebrain complex?

A

First to die in Alzheimer’s; important for learning and memory

44
Q

What is the importance of the pontomesencephalotegmental complex?

A

In pons and midbrain tegmentum: acts on dorsal thalamus; regulates excitability of sensory relay nuclei; cholinergic link between brain stem and basal forebrain complexes

45
Q

What NT does LSD affect?

A

Serotonin: potent agonist on the presynaptic terminals of raphe nuclei neurons

46
Q

What NTs do cocaine/amphetamines affect?

A

DA and NE: sympathomimetic

47
Q

What is the difference in mechanism between cocaine and amphetamines?

A

Cocaine = selective DA reuptake; Amphetamines: blocks NE and DA reuptake AND release of DA

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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