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Neuroscience > NEUR 0010 - Chapter 14 > Flashcards

NEUR 0010 - Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the high, middle, and low levels of motor control?

A

Strategy, tactics, and execution

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2
Q

What are the structures associated with each level of the motor control hierarchy?

A

High = strategy (association areas of neocortex, basal ganglia), middle = tactics (motor cortex, cerebellum), low = execution (brain stem, spinal cord)

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3
Q

What are the lateral pathways for?

A

Voluntary control of distal musculature; under direct cortical control

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4
Q

What are the ventromedial pathways for?

A

Control of posture and locomotion, under brain stem control

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5
Q

What brain areas control the lateral vs ventromedial pathways?

A

Cortex vs brainstem

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6
Q

What is the most important component of the lateral tract?

A

Corticospinal tract

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7
Q

Where do the axons of the CS tract originate?

A

Mostly in the motor cortex, some in the SS areas of the parietal lobe

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8
Q

Where do the axons of the CS tract go?

A

Start in the motor cortex or SS area of parietal lobe; pass through internal capsule between telencephalon and thalamus; through cerebral peduncles in the midbrain; through the pons; tract at the base of the medulla in the medullary pyramid

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9
Q

What happens to the CS tract after it becomes the medullary pyramids?

A

Decussates and continues down to the spinal cord’s lateral column

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10
Q

When does the CS tract decussate?

A

After becoming the medullary pyramids, right before it continues onto the lateral column of the spinal cord

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11
Q

Where do the CS tract axons terminate?

A

In the dorsolateral region of the ventral horns and intermediate gray matter (same location as motor neurons/interneurons that control distal muscles, esp. flexors)

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12
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract?

A

a smaller component of the lateral pathways

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13
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

The red nucleus in the midbrain’s tegmentum

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14
Q

Where do the axons in the rubrospinal tract go?

A

Start in the red nucleus of the midbrain; decussate in the pons; join corticospinal tract in the lateral column of the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the main source of input to the rubrospinal tract?

A

Frontal cortex that contributes to the corticospinal tract

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16
Q

What happens after lesions in the lateral pathways?

A

No fractionated movements of arms/hands; slower movement, less accuracy; functions can gradually recover if only damage to CS tract, but no recovery if damage to both CS and RS tracts; contralateral paralysis if damage to the motor cortex or CS tract

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17
Q

What are the four descending tracts of the VM pathways?

A

Vestibulospinal, tectospinal, pontine reticulospinal, medullary reticulospinal

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18
Q

What does the VM pathway do?

A

Uses sensory info about balance/body position/visual environment to maintain balance and posture

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19
Q

What do the vestibulospinal and tectospinal tracts do?

A

Keep head balanced, turn head to stimuli

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20
Q

Where do the vestibulospinal tracts originate and go?

A

Start in vestibular nuclei of the inner ear (input from vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear); go bilaterally down spinal cord and activate cervical spinal circuits to guide head movement

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21
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate and go?

A

Starts in superior colliculus of midbrain (input from retina, V1, SS, audition, etc.); maps the world around us and causes the head to focus on a new stimulus

22
Q

What do the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts arise from?

A

The reticular formation of the brain stem: just under the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle

23
Q

What does the pontine reticulospinal tract do?

A

Enhances antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord; facilitates lower limb extensors; maintain standing posture

24
Q

What does the medullary reticulospinal tract do?

A

Liberates antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord from reflex control; allows a fine balance of posture vs not

25
Q

Where are Areas 4 and 6?

A

4 is anterior to the central sulcus, on precentral gyrus; 6 is just anterior to Area 4

26
Q

What is primary motor cortex M1?

A

Area 4

27
Q

What two components make up Area 6, and what do they do?

A

PMA and SMA: premotor area and supplementary motor area; specialized for skilled voluntary movement

28
Q

How do the processes of PMA and SMA differ?

A

SMA sends axons to distal motor units directly; PMA connects with reticulospinal neurons to innervate proximal motor units

29
Q

Which activates distal vs proximal, PMA or SMA?

A

SMA is distal, PMA is proximal

30
Q

What kind of signals/messages/functions does Area 6 carry out? Why?

A

What actions to convert into signals, and how to do so; because it receives information from the prefrontal and parietal lobes

31
Q

When you’re instructed to only think about performing a practiced movement, what areas are active?

A

Area 6, but not area 4

32
Q

What is the ready/set/go of the prefrontal/parietal/area 6?

A

Ready is the parietal and frontal lobes and attention centers; Set is the SMA and PMA strategizing; Go is the performance after the trigger stimulus

33
Q

Where are the basal ganglia?

A

In the telencephalon

34
Q

What is the major subcortical input to Area 6?

A

From the VLo nucleus (ventral lateral nucleus)

35
Q

Where does input to the VLo come from?

A

Basal ganglia

36
Q

What are the four components of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus

37
Q

What is the striatum?

A

The combination of the putamen and globus pallidus

38
Q

What structure is the source of output to the thalamus?

A

Globus pallidus

39
Q

What is the direct path from cortex back to cortex by way of the SMA?

A

Cortex to striatum to globus pallidus to VLo to SMA in the cortex again

40
Q

What is the direct motor loop?

A

Cortex synapses (E) with putamen, which synapses (I) with globus pallidues, which synapses (I) with VLo, which synapses with cortex (E) and discharges movement-related SMA cells

41
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Hypokinesia: too much inhibition by basal ganglia of thalamus; helped by administering dopamine

42
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Hyperkinesia: too little inhibition by basal ganglia of thalamus; characterized by chorea/ballism

43
Q

What layer of motor cortex activates motor neurons?

A

Layer V

44
Q

Where does layer V of the motor cortex receive input from?

A

Other cortical areas (area 6) and the thalamus (VLc)

45
Q

What does VLc do?

A

In the thalamus: relays info from the cerebellum

46
Q

How does M1 command voluntary movement?

A

Employs most of itself as active, and each cell represents a “vote” that gets tallied and averaged to determine the direction of motion by vectors

47
Q

What is the cerebellum for?

A

Controlling the finely-tuned sequence of events that occur during movement

48
Q

What does the vermis do?

A

Sends output to brainstem structures that contribute to VM descending spinal pathways to control axial musculature

49
Q

What do the cerebellar hemispheres do?

A

Related to brain structures that contribute to lateral pathways, esp. cortex

50
Q

What is the motor loop through the lateral cerebellum?

A

Layer V, areas 4/6, SS areas, posterior parietal areas project to pontine nuclei; project to cerebellum; project back to motor cortex through thalamic VLc

51
Q

What is the purpose of the motor loop through the lateral cerebellum?

A

Planned, voluntary, multi-joint movements; compared intentions with outcomes

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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