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Computer Science > Networks 1.3 > Flashcards

Networks 1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is LAN

A

-local area network
-covers a small geographical area located on a single site
-all the hardware for a LAN is owned by the organisation using it
-lans are wired with utp, fibre optic or wireless using Wi-Fi

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2
Q

what are WANS

A

-wide area network
-covers a large geographical area, connecting lans together
-infrastructure between the lans is leased from telecommunication companies who own and manage it
-WANs are connected with telephone lines, fibre optic cables or satellite links

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3
Q

-advantages of networking

A

-users can share files
-users can access their files from any computer on the network
-Users can share peripherals: printers and connections to other networks (the internet)
servers can control security, software updates and backup of data
-communication with other people(email and social networking)

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4
Q

disadvantages of networking

A

-increased security risks to data
-malware and viruses spread very easily between computers
-if a server fails, the computers connected to it may not work
-the computers may run more slowly if there is a lot of data travelling on the network

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5
Q

what is a standalone computer

A

-a computer that is not connected to a network

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6
Q

what are factors affecting performance of networks

A

-bandwidth
-number of users
-transmission media
-the error rate
-latency

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7
Q

what is bandwidth

A

-the amount of data that can be sent and received successfully in a given time
-measured in bits per second, often called bit rate

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8
Q

how does number of users affect performance of networks

A

-too many users or devices on the same network can cause the network to slow down if there is insufficient bandwidth for the data

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9
Q

how does transmission media affect performance of networks

A

-wired connection have a higher bandwidth than wireless connections
-fibre optic cables have a higher bandwidth than copper cables

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10
Q

how does the error rate affect performance of networks

A

-less reliable connections increase the number of error that occur when data is transferred
-this means the data has to be resent until it arrives correctly
-the signal quality on the range of wireless connections on the range of devices from the wireless access point and other environmental factors
-the signal quality of copper cables is determined by the grade of material used which reduces interface
-the length of the cables is also a factor

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11
Q

what is latency

A

-the delay from transmitting data to receiving it
-latency is caused by bottlenecks in the infrastructure of the networks
-for example, by not using switches to appropriately segment traffic on a network
-hardware such as switches and transmission media may not operate at the same speed

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12
Q

what is a client server model

A

-a client is a computer on the network
-a sever controls access and security to one shared file store
-a server manages access to the internet
-a server manages printing jobs
-a server provides email services
-a server runs a backup of data
-a client makes requests to the server for data and connections

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13
Q

advantages of a client server model

A

-easier to manage security files
-easier to take backups of all shared data
-easier to install software updates to all computers

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14
Q

disadvantages of client server model

A

-can be expensive to setup and maintain
-requires IT specialists to setup and maintain
-the server is a single point of failure

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15
Q

what is a peer-to-peer model

A

-a peer is a computer on a network and is equal to all other peers
-peers server their own files to each other
-each peer is responsible for its won security
-each peer is responsible for its own backup
-peers usually have their own printers
-you can send print jobs to another peer to process, but that peer would need to be switches on the be able to communicate with the connected printer

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16
Q

advantages of a peer to peer model

A

-very easy to maintain
-specialists staff are not required
-no dependency on a single computer
-cheaper to set up
-no expensive hardware required

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17
Q

-disadvantages of a peer to peer model

A

-the network is less secure
-users will need to manage their own backups
-can be difficult to maintain a well ordered file store

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18
Q

what hardware is needed for a LAN

A

-network interface card
-wireless access point
-switch
-router
-transmission media: copper cables(UTP) or fibre optic cables

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19
Q

what does a NICs do in a LAN

A

-it is an internal piece of hardware that allows a device to connect to a network
-they exist for both wired and wireless connections
-they are nowadays built into the motherboard

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20
Q

what do wireless access points do

A

-allows wireless enabled devices to connect to a network without cables
-they have less bandwidth than a wired connection

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21
Q

what does a switch do

A

-switches connect devices on a LAN
-switches receive data from one device and transmit this data to the device on the network with the correct MAC address

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22
Q

what does a router do

A

-transmit data between networks
-they direct data to their destination
-they connect LAN to the Internet
-assign IP address to the devices on the network
-manage and prioritise data traffic, which keeps connections stable

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23
Q

what do copper cables do

A

-wired connections assure maximum bandwidth, security and reliability
-cheap and flexible which makes it easy to install
-with twisted pair cables the wires are twisted around each other to reduce interference
-normally a set of wires for transmission and receiving
-the grade of copper and insulating material affects the quality of the overall cable and therefore the bandwidth

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24
Q

what do fibre optic cables do

A

-uses light to transmit data
-covers much longer distances and greater bandwidth than copper

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25
Q

what is the internet

A

-most well known wan
-a collection of interconnected networks spanning the world

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26
Q

-what is the cloud

A

-servers can be used to store data and programs that can be accessed and used over the internet
-known as the cloud

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27
Q

-advantages of the cloud

A

-Content in the cloud can be accessed anytime and from anywhere
-Users can use any device to access their content
-Users have a large storage capacity available to them
-Low cost / free to set up and use
-Responsibility for backups and security is with the cloud service provider
-Users can easily collaborate

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28
Q

disadvantages of the cloud

A

-Accessing content and software is only possible when the user has an internet connection
-Expanding capacity can become expensive if using it across a business
-Vulnerable to security threats such as data leaks and photo leaks
-It is not thoroughly clear to users who is the owner of the data once it is uploaded to a cloud service

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29
Q

what is the domain name service

A

-a directory of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses

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30
Q

ISP

A

the company that provides internet services to you

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31
Q

URL

A

uniform resource locater: the web address typed into a web browser

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32
Q

hosting

A

the storing of websites, files and any other content on servers

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33
Q

how does the domain name service work

A
  1. User enters URL of a website into the web browser
  2. web browser sends a query to a DNS server to translate the URL into an IP address
  3. DNS resolver checks its cache to see if it has the IP address for the requested domain, else, it sends the request to the DNS root servers
  4. Root server directs resolver to a TLD server based on the extension of the URL
  5. TLD server provides resolver with the IP address of the domain’s authoritative DNS server
  6. DNS server responds with the IP address for the requested domain
  7. Browser sends a HTTP/HTTPS request to the IP address it received
  8. server at the given IP address processes the request and sends back data for the web page
    9/ Web browser renders the received data into the web page
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34
Q

what would google.com be converted into an ip address

A

-the url is received by a dns resolver server
-the server then queries a dns root name server
-the root server responds with the address of the top-level domain server for .com
-the resolver then makes a request to the .com TDL
-the TLD server then responds with the IP address of the domain’s name server, google.com
-lastly the recursive sends a query to the domain’s name server
-the IP address google.com(8.8.8.8) is then returned to the resolver from the name server
-the dns resolver then responds to the web browser with the ip address of google.com

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35
Q

what is a star network topology

A

-most popular wired type network
-central switch
-all devices connect into the central switch
-switch is intelligent and makes sure traffic goes where intended
-if a single cable breaks only that computer is effected
-the switch is still a serious single point of failure

36
Q

what is a full mesh network topology

A

-every device is connected to every device

37
Q

advantages of full mesh topology

A

-advantages is you get a break in any of the connections you can still route your traffic via another route

38
Q

disadvantages of a full mesh topology

A

-disadvantage is there is a lot more cabling and switch hardware required which will add to the cost of large networks
-more difficult to add more devices

39
Q

what is a partial mesh network

A

-multiple routes exist between different devices
-however every device is not connected to every single other device
-a compromise solution which lowers the amount of hardware needed compared to a full mesh network

40
Q

what is ethernet

A

-a wired networking standard to carry electrical signals between devices
-Uses twisted pair cables(minimise interference) to allow duplex communication

41
Q

-what are wireless networks

A

-network where connections are made using radio waves to transmit data through the air

42
Q

what is Wi-Fi

A

-standard for wireless networks
-communicates with a wireless access points

43
Q

what is bluetooth

A

-standard for wireless networks
-used for a direct connection between two devices

44
Q

(what is wireless encryption)

A

-wireless networks are identified by a unique service set identifier (SSID)
-the ssid has to be used by all devices which want to connect to that network
-it can be set to automatically broadcast to any wireless device within range of a WAP

45
Q

how can one protect their wireless network

A

-the ssid can be automatically set, but you are able to set it yourself
-it can be made hidden in order to make it harder to detect
-additionally the ssid can be protected with a password, so even if it is found devices won;t be able to gain access to the wireless network

46
Q

Handshake protocol

A

-a handshaking protocol is used to ensure that the receiver has a valid master key before transmission to the device begins

47
Q

what is MAC addressing

A

-Unique identifier driven to devices which communicate over a LAN
-never change
-make it possible for switches to efficiently forward data to the intended recipient
-devices that contain a NIC has a MAC address assigned during manufacturing
-48 bits, 12 hexadecimal digits

48
Q

what is IPv4

A

-represented as 4 blocks of denary numbers between 0 and 255 separated by full stops
-32-bits in size
-4 billion unique address

49
Q

what is IPv6

A

-represented as 8 blocks of 4 hexadecimal digits, separated by colons
-128 bits in size
-more unique addresses

50
Q

what are standards

A

-a set of guidelines that when used with different hardware and software allows them work with each other and allow data exchange
-it makes it possible for manufacturers and producers to create products and services which are compatible with each other

51
Q

TCP/IP

A

Transmission Control Protocol and internet protocol that allow communication over the internet when combined

52
Q

TCP

A

-transmission control protocol
-responsible for making sure communication between two router is error free

53
Q

HTTP

A

Hypertext transfer protocol
-encrypted and authentication for requesting and delivering HTML web pages

54
Q

HTTPS

A

hypertext transfer protocol secure
-encrypted and authentication for requesting and delivering HTML web pages
-added layer of security

55
Q

FTP

A

file transfer protocol
-used to access, edit and move files between devices on a network

56
Q

POP3

A

post office protocol version 3
-used to retrieve emails from a server
-server holds the email until you download it, at which point it is deleted from the server

57
Q

IMAP

A

internet message access protocol
-used to retrieve emails from a server. The server holds the email until you actually delete it-you only download a copy
-used by most web based email clients

58
Q

SMTP

A

-simple mail transfer protocol
-used to send emails. Also used to transfer emails between servers

59
Q

what is the concept of layers

A

Managing the complexity of networks with the use of layers

60
Q

advantages of using layers

A

-reduces the complexity of the problem into manageable sub-problems
-devices can be manufactured to operate at a particular layer
-products from different vendors will work together

-self-contained which makes managing and repairing easier as each layer can be worked on independent of other layers
-layers allow for focus on specific parts of a protocol without affecting other layers
-promotes data exchange between hardware and software

61
Q

What is a layer

A

A sub part of a more complex task

62
Q

protocol

A

a set of rules for data transmission

63
Q

what is wireless transmitted

A

-radio waves

64
Q

advantages of a star topology network

A

-if a device fails or a cable is disconnected, the rest of the network is unaffected
-it is simple to add more devices to the network
-better performance, data goes straight to the central device so all devices can transmit data at once and there are very few collisions

65
Q

disadvantages of a star topology network

A

-in wired networks every device needs a cable to connect to the central switch or server, which can be expensive
-if there is a problem with the switch or server then the whole network is affected

66
Q

what is the world wide web

A

a collection of websites that are hosted on web servers and accessed through the HTTP protocol

67
Q

what is the internet

A

a worldwide collection of networks

68
Q

Advantages of Ethernet

A

-fast data transfer
-better physical security
-higher range and less susceptible to interference

69
Q

Disadvantages of Ethernet

A

-Can’t move easily, location is limited by physical cable
-Expensive - need more cables to add a new device
-cables can be a trip hazard, must be routed under floors etc

70
Q

Fibre optic

A

-transmission media
-high bandwidth
-expensive
-high data volume
-transmits data as light

71
Q

Coaxial

A

-transmission media
-medium bandwidth
-medium cost

72
Q

Unshielded twisted pair

A

-transmission media
-low bandwidth
-affordable
-twisted cables to reduce interference

73
Q

Advantages of WiFi

A

-portable, easy to move
-low cost - cheaper to setup and add new devices
-compatible with many devices

74
Q

Disadvantages of WiFi

A

-slower data transfer
-less secure than Ethernet
-relies on signal strength to WAP, which can be obstructed

75
Q

Advantages of Bluetooth

A

-Compatible with many personal devices
-low power consumption

76
Q

Disadvantages of Bluetooth

A

-slow transfer speeds
-security - can be intercepted by anyone in range
-range - very short

77
Q

What is encryption

A

A method of scrambling data before being transmitted across a network in order to protect the contents from unauthorised access

78
Q

Why is encryption more important on wireless networks

A

The data is transmitted over radio waves, making it easy to intercept

79
Q

How is wireless data encrypted

A

-Wireless networks are identified by a SSID which along with a password is used to create a master key
-when devices connect to the same wireless network, using the SSID and password they are given a copy of the master key
-master key is used to encrypt data into ‘cipher text’ before being transmitted
-the receiver uses the same master key to decrypt the cipher back into plain text
-master key is never transmitted
Examples: WPA2

80
Q

How is wired data encrypted

A

-using a master key to encrypt data the same key to decrypt data(similar to wireless networks)
-left to individual applications to device how encryption is used, such as HTTPS

81
Q

What is an IP address

A

-unique identifier given to devices which communicate over the internet
-dynamic, so they can change
-make it possible to deliver data to the right device
-device connecting to a network will be given an IP address every time

82
Q

IP

A

-internet protocol
-responsible for making sure data is delivered to the right device on a WAN

83
Q

Advantages of POP

A

-frees up storage spaces on email servers
-faster on slow connection

84
Q

Disadvantages of POP

A

-Only access emails from the device they are downloaded to
-emails deleted on the server once downloaded

85
Q

Advantages of IMAP

A

-View and manage emails from any device with internet access
-changes are on one device are synchronised on all connected devices

86
Q

Disadvantages of IMAP

A

-server storage space can limit amount of retained emails
-requires internet access to view emails

87
Q

Example of where the concept of layers is used

A

TCP/IP protocol

Computer Science (12 decks)

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