Networking basics Flashcards
1
Q
Network components
A
o Network Interface Card (NIC)
o Hub
o Switches
o Unmanaged Switch
o Managed Switch
o Wireless Access Point
o Router
o Firewall
o Patch Panel
o Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
o Power Injector
o Cable Modem
o Digital Subscriber Line (DSL modem)
o Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
o Software Defined Networking (SDN)
2
Q
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A
- Most computers have and connects computer to network
- provides ethernet connection
- integrated into MB, added as expansion card, or added as external peripheral using USB
- can be wired using copper NIC that uses cat 5 or above, or fiber optic (Fiber NIC), or wireless NIC using radio frequency waves (2.4 to 5 GHz)
3
Q
Hub
A
Has several different ports between 4 and 48 ports (allows 48 computers can be connected each connected to single port)
- uses wired interface (copper connection RJ-45 in each port)
- operating speeds: 10 - 100 Mbps
- all computers are apart of collision domain (Students competing to ask the teacher a question)
- if collision occurred network clients (teacher) will stop talking to the hub (teacher) pick a random time to count up to and then try retransmitting again (asking a question).
Challenges
- slows down entire network
- everyone can hear everything said (all device can listen to it) - but they are notified using MAC address
4
Q
Switches
A
- essentially a smart hub that remember the ports that are connected to them
- Prevents collisions. Switches can have multiple people talking at one time
- Can have from 4-96 clients connected to a single switch
- only clients receive messages directed to them
- increased speed and security
two types
- Unmanaged switch (Zero configure)
- Managed switch
5
Q
Unmanaged Switch
A
- Performs its functions without requiring a configuration (easy set up)
- SOHO (Small Office Home Office) networks
- Ideal for 4-8 port swtiches
6
Q
Managed Switch
A
- Performs its functions with configuration
- Increased configurations: increased security such as enabling 802.1X, mac filtering, configure VLAN
- 24-48 switch are typically managed switches
7
Q
Wireless Access Point (WAP)
A
- Device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network
- convert radio frequencies signals into copper signal into CAT 5 or CAT 6 cable into a switch
- allows you to extend your wired network into the wireless realm to allow wireless devices to connect to internet(Wi-FI)
8
Q
Router
A
- Used to connect different networks together
- Used to make forwarding decision from one network to the next based on it’s logical address
or IP address (Internet protocol address either a IPv4 or IPv6 address) - Most common SOHO LAN and Internet service provider. Router is the connection between them
- Generally you get a single combination device from provider that includes DSL, Cable, or fiber modem as well as a WAP, four port switch, and a firewall built in
9
Q
Firewall
A
Device that has configure rules (access control lists) that scans and blocks traffic that enters or leaves a network
- based on your rules you can block, allow , or drop traffic as things enter or leave network
- essentially a security guard. anything going in or out goes through firewall
- separate device in enterprise network
- included in devices using SOHO network
10
Q
SOHO
A
Small Office Home Office
11
Q
Unified threat management (UTM)
A
- contains firewall features
- Spam guards
- Anti virus solutions
12
Q
Patch Panel
A
- Device that allows cable network jacks from a wall into a central are
- allows cables running through walls going to network jacks to be terminated into single place on punchdown block at the back of the patch panel
- on the front of the panel there are prewired rj-45 ports you can connect with patch cables running cat5, cat6, cat7, or cat8 and then connect into switch
- “why cant you just run cables directly to switch/ device without patch panel?” Supportability long term and cost. Switches cost $500-$1000 and Patch panels cost about $50. Plugging and unplugging wears out/break ports overtime. you cant replace port on switch instead need to replace entire switch. if doing this to switch it cost more to replace. if doing it to patch panel it’s relatively inexpensive compared
- in most SOHO and enterprise networks waljacks>patch panel>to cabled switch. this reduces cost and increased supportability
- outlet for ethernet cables (RJ-45)
13
Q
Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
A
Feature of some switches and other devices Supplies electrical power from a switch port over an ordinary data cable
to a power device (Cameras, Voip handsets, wireless access points, etc.)
- use single cable to supply data and power to device
- eliminates need to have electrical outlet
3 types
1. 802.3af
2. 802.3at
3. 802.3bt
14
Q
802.3af
PoE standard
A
- Oldest version
- Allows least amount of power (13W)
- works well for Voice over IP handsets (VoIP)
- doesnt work well for high powered devices like WAP
15
Q
802.3at
PoE standard
A
- Known as PoE+
- Allows power devices up to 25W
16
Q
802.3bt
PoE standard
A
- Known as PoE++
- Used to supply power up to 51W for type 3 device or 73W for a type 4 device
17
Q
If a device requires PoE and you dont have a PoE switch…
A
- you can use an aftermarket/ thridparty device known as a power injector
18
Q
In order to use PoE what
A
- Switch that supports PoE at one of the three levels
- Need proper cabling in place for support (Cat 6 or above to support higher powers of PoE)
- Power device to use the data and power coming from the ethernet cable (such as VoIP handst, camera, WAP, etc.)
19
Q
Power injector
Add picture
A
- Plugs into a standard wall outlet to get power
- Then connect ethernet cable from non powered switch into power injector and that injecs porwer
20
Q
Cable Modem
A
- Device that translates coaxial cable signals into radio frequency waves
- Through copper unshielded twisted pair cable
- This is connected to a router/ gateway that distribute that signal as inter net for devices on your network
21
Q
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL modem)
A
- Device that translates coaxial cable signals into phone lines
- Through copper unshielded twisted pair cable
- This is connected to a router/ gateway that distribute that signal as internet for devices on your network
22
Q
Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
A
- will be used if your using a fiber connection
- Through a copper unshielded twisted pair cable
23
Q
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
A
- Way of virtualizing the network hardware
- broken down into 3 layers: Infrastructure, Control, and Application layer
24
Q
Network types
A
- Personal Area Network (PAN)
- Local Area Network (LAN)
- Campus Area Network (CAN)
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
- Storage Area Network (SAN)
- Small Office Home Office Local Area Network SoHo LAN
25
Personal Area Network (PAN)
- Smallest type of wired or wireless network and covers the least amount of area
- 10 ft or less, or couple meters
- Example: Bluetooth (10ft) or USB (is serial connection that is considered a network) ex: plugging HD into USB port, Webcam,
26
Local Area Network (LAN)
- Connects components within a limited distance
- few hundred ft or 100 meters with Cat5 cable
- can go further with Fiber optic cables
- Room or building
- if using Ethernet (wired) you will use IEEE 802.3 standard
- if using WiFi (wireless) you will use IEEE 802.11 standard
27
Campus Area Network (CAN)
- Connects LANs that are building-centric across a campus or business park
- a few miles
- Examples: if you are at a college or business park, industrial park and they have a few buildings
- LANS in different buildings in the same area connected together to create a CAN
28
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Connects scattered locations across a city or metro area
- Up to about 25 miles or a little bigger
- Ex: Campus area networks in a city will be connected together to create a MAN
29
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Connects geographically disparate internal networks and consists of leased lines or VPNs
- Not always public
- World wide (state, country, world)
- Examples: The internet is the largest WAN, connecting LANs across a country or world, military does this
30
Storage Area Network (SAN)
- Provisions access to configurable pools of storage devices that can be used by application servers
- Use special technologies like Internet SCSI (ISCSI) and Fiber Channel (FC) because they need extremely fast speeds
- Data centers
- cloud server farm
31
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
A wireless distribution method for two or more devices that creates a local area network using wireless frequencies
- Benfit is being able to move around without wires
- Examples: WiFi
32
Small Office, Home Office (SoHo) LAN
- Uses a centralized server or simply provides clients access to local devices like printers, file storage, or the Internet
- Business orientented
- Single devices combined to have multiple functions. For example the combination router/modem from Xfinity
33
Internet of Things
- A global network of appliances and personal devices that have been equipped with sensors, software, and network connectivity to report
state and configuration
- Make sure there is no interference, they are properly secured, and properly powered
- Can all be controlled by a central hub
1. Smart Home Devices
2. Wearable IoT Devices
3. Healthcare IoT Devices
4. Industrial IoT (IIoT) Devices
5. Automotive IoT Devices
6. Smart Cities
7. Agriculture IoT Devices
8. Retail and Consumer IoT Devices
9. IoT in Entertainment
10. IoT in Energy and Utilities
34
Memorize the phrase “learn this information for me” when I say this I want you to Listen and then type notes in the following format
* Summarize the key points as easy to digest bullets
* Define key terms
* Create a set of practice questions from the key points and the key terms you typed out.
35
Twisted Pair cables
- Most popular LAN cabling
- MOst common (laptops and desktop)
- 8 insulated wired inside 4 pairs of two wires
- More twists per inch = better protection from electromagnetic interference (EMI).
- Fewer twists = higher susceptibility to EMI, slower speeds, and performance degradation.
- higher cat number the number the higher the speeds (5-8)
two types that operate the same, 100 m
- UTP
- STP
36
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
- Definition: Disruption caused by electromagnetic fields, negatively affecting data transmission.
- Increased interference reduces data transmission rates, requiring retransmissions.
- Leads to decreased throughput and bandwidth in the network.
37
What does RJ stand for?
- "Registered Jack (RJ)"
Carries voice or data which specifies the standards a device needs to
meet to connect to the phone or data network
38
UTP
- Unshielded twisted pair
- Cheaper, more flexible, no shielding; ideal for most LANs.
39
STP
- Includes metal shielding for extra EMI protection, but more expensive and rigid.
- Operate about same as UTP
- 100 m (300ft)
- use RJ-45
40
RJ-45
- most commonly used with UTP
- used for data networks
- 8 pin
- Speed: 40 Gbps
- ethernet based networks (5-8)
- Standard Ethernet connector for LANs
if using a cat 5 it only uses 4 of eight pins
41
RJ-11
- used with: Telephony and DSL connections
- 6 pin
- Speed: Varies (low-speed)
- used with phone networks
- one pins used for ring
- one pin used for signal
- VoIP with telephone adapter
- not common in LAN
- Only two ins are going to be used
when creating can use CAT5 or similar and put RJ-11 on it
42
Bandwidth
The maximum capacity for data transmission in a network.
43
Throughput
The rate at which data is successfully transmitted in a network.
44
Ethernet Standard
A designation given to a particular category that provides the ability to
understand the bandwidth and the cable type to be used
at 10:30 in twisted pair cables
45
CAT 5
Speed: 100 Mbps
Distance: 100 meters
Standard: 100Base-TX (Fast Ethernet)
46
CAT 5e
Speed: 1 Gbps
Distance: 100 meters
Standard: 1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet)
47
CAT 6
Speed: 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps)
Distance: 100 m
Standard: 1000BASE-T
Speed: 10 Gbps
Distance: 55 m
Standard: 10GBASE-T
48
CAT 6a
Speed: 10 Gbps
Distance: 100 meters
Standard: 10GBase-T
49
CAT 7
Speed: 10 Gbps
Distance: 100 meters
Standard: 10GBase-T
50
CAT 8
Speed: 40 Gbps
Distance: 30 meters
Standard: 40GBase-T
51
Straight-Through Cable (Patch Cable)
Same pinout (e.g., 568B) on both ends.
- Color sequence (pinout): Orange-white, Orange, Green-white, Blue, Blue-white, Green, Brown-white, Brown (both ends).
- Used to connect dissimilar devices (e.g., PC to switch).
Add pic for pinout
52
568b
- The standard that's preferred when wiring jacks inside of buildings
- what does this look like (Picture)
53
Crossover Cable
- 568A on one end and 568B on the other, used to connect similar devices (e.g., switch-to-switch).
- The ability to take send and receive pins from one cable and swap those
on the other end
- switch to a switch requires a cross over cable
- One side: Orange-white, Orange, Green-white, Blue, Blue-white, Green, Brown-white, Brown.
- Other side: Green-white, Green, Orange-white, Blue, Blue-white, Orange, Brown-white, Brown.
- Switches pins 1, 2, 3, and 6 to create transmit-to-receive connections.
Add picture for pinout
54
MDIX
- Medium dependant interface crossover
- A medium dependent interface crossover (MDIX) is an automated way to
electronically simulate using a crossover cable
55
568A
56
Direct Burial
- A cable rating that specifies that a cable has a stronger sheathing and jacket that can withstand more extreme weather conditions
- Underground installations
- Weatherproof, thicker sheathing to resist elements.
57
Plenum
- more expensive
- Fire-resistant and emits minimal toxic fumes; used in ceilings, walls, or ducts.
58
Non-Plenum
- less expensive
- Cheaper, for visible connections only.
59
Twisted Pair Lengths
- you cant get a full length of use out of a cable because of EMI or other forms of interference
- if 85 ft and max is 100 ft there may be interference
- Recommended: Keep cables under 90 meters to avoid signal degradation.
60
Fiber-Optic Cables
Fiber-Optic Cables:
Uses light (via LEDs or lasers) to transmit data through a glass fiber core.
Immune to EMI: No electrical transmission involved.
Long Distance and High Speed:
Can cover hundreds of meters or miles with minimal signal loss (attenuation).
Speeds can reach terabits per second, far surpassing copper cables.
Drawbacks:
Cost: Fiber is more expensive to install than copper.
Difficulty: Requires specialized tools and training for installation and repair.
61
Types of Fiber-Optic Cables
1. Single-Mode Fiber (SMF):
2. Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF):
62
Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
Core: Smaller (8.3-10 microns).
Use: Long-distance communication.
Color: Yellow sheath.
63
Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)
Core: Larger (50-100 microns).
Use: Short-distance communication (up to 2 km).
Color: Aqua blue or orange sheath.
64
Fiber Connector Types
SC (Subscriber Connector)
ST (Straight Tip)
LC (Lucent Connector)
MTRJ (Mechanical Transfer Register Jack)
65
SC (Subscriber Connector)
Nickname: Stick-and-click.
Features: Easy to install; typically used for transmit/receive cables.`
66
ST (Straight Tip)
Nickname: Stick-and-twist.
Features: Older, durable, and requires a twist to secure.
67
LC (Lucent Connector)
Nickname: Love connector.
Features: Smaller, combines transmit/receive connectors side by side.
68
MTRJ (Mechanical Transfer Register Jack)
Features: Compact, includes both transmit/receive in one connector; ideal for high-density switch ports.
69
Coaxial Cable (Coax)
- A copper cable with a center core and shielding layers for EMI protection.
Speed: Up to 1 Gbps (modern RG6 or RG59 applications).
Uses: Cable TV, cable modems, and older Ethernet networks.
Types: RG6, RG59, Twin-axial.
1. One of the oldest copper media types, still used in networking.
2. Components:
-Center Core: Inner insulated conductor that carries data.
- Braided Metal Shield: Protects from electromagnetic interference (EMI).
- Plastic Jacket: Outer protective covering.
Usage: Used with RG6 and RG59 cables
70
RG6
- Thick coaxial cable used for outdoor cable services.
- Used by cable companies to connect service to homes
71
RG59
- Thin coaxial cable used inside homes for short-distance video and internet connections.
- Used inside homes for connecting cable modems or TVs.
72
Coaxial Cable Connectors
1. F-Type Connector
2. BNC Connector
73
F-Type Connector
Screw-on connector used for cable TV and modems.
74
BNC Connector
- Push-and-twist connector used in older Ethernet networks (10BASE-2, 10BASE-5).
- A bayonet-style connector used in older Ethernet networks and military systems.
75
Twin-Axial Cable
- Similar to coaxial but with two inner conductors.
- Used for short-range, high-speed (up to 10 Gbps) connections.
Speed: Up to 10 Gbps.
Uses: Short-range connections (e.g., between switches with SFP+ modules).
Advantages: Cost-effective, energy-efficient.
- Example: Connecting switches with SFP+ direct-attached copper cables (up to 7 meters).
76
SFP+
(Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus)
- A high-speed network interface for short-range copper or fiber-optic connections.
77
Cabling Tools
Snips and Cutters:
Cable Strippers:
Cable Crimpers:
Cable Testers:
Wire Mapping Tools:
Cable Certifiers:
Punchdown Tools
78
Diagnostic Tools
Tone Generator (Toner Probe):
Loopback Adapter:
TAP (Test Access Point):
.
Wireless Analyzers:
79
Snips/Cutters
- Tools to cut cables into smaller segments.
- Cuts twisted-pair copper cables, coaxial cables, or larger cable bundles.
80
Cable Stripper
- Removes outer insulation for cable preparation.
- Used for twisted-pair cables (e.g., RJ45) and coaxial cables (e.g., RG6, RG59).
81
Cable Crimper
Attaches connectors like RJ45, RJ11, RG6.
82
Cable Tester
- Verifies cable continuity, pinouts, and proper connections (e.g., straight-through or crossover cables).
- Multi-testers support various connectors (e.g., RJ45, RJ11, BNC, fiber, DB25).
83
Wire Mapping Tool
Diagnoses twisted-pair Ethernet cable issues (e.g., open pairs, shorts, reverse pairs, cross pairs, split pairs).
84
Cable Certifier
- Analyzes cable category, length, and throughput.
- More detailed than cable testers; provides data on delay, resistance, and frequency range.
85
Punchdown Tool
- Used to terminate wires on patch panels, wall jacks, or punchdown blocks (e.g., 66 block, 110 block).
- Strips and trims excess wires during termination
86
Tone Generator (Toner Probe)
- Generates a tone to trace cables and identify unlabeled connections.
- Also called "Fox and hound" tool for finding wires in walls or buildings.
87
Loopback Adapter
- Tests network connectivity by looping signals back to the device.
- Can be created for twisted-pair (RJ45) or fiber networks.
88
TAP (Test Access Point):
- Splits or duplicates network packets for analysis.
- Used in cybersecurity, network management, and operations.
89
Wireless Analyzers
Conducts wireless site surveys for coverage, signal strength, and channel analysis.
Detects SSIDs, signal strength, and channel usage to optimize wireless networks.
- Wi-Fi channel analysis (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz
90
Cable Creation Steps
1. Cut a section of bulk cable.
2. Use a wire stripper to remove the outer sheath.
3. Untwist and flatten the internal wires.
4. Trim excess wire to fit into the connector.
5. Insert wires into the RJ45 connector in the correct pinout order.
6. Use an RJ45 crimper to secure the connector.
7. Test the cable with a cable tester to ensure proper functionality.
91
Patch Panels
A centralized hub for connecting network devices.
A device that connects network cables from wall jacks to switches or routers.
Simplifies cable management and reduces hardware wear.
Types:
- Rack-mounted patch panels
- Front-facing patch panels
Benefits of Using Patch Panels:
Reduces wear and tear on expensive switch ports.
Provides flexibility for rearranging and replacing cables.
Cost-effective solution ($50 patch panel vs. $500+ switch
92
Punchdown Blocks
- A panel or block where wires are terminated using a punchdown tool.
Found on the back of patch panels or wall jacks.
- Located on the back of patch panels or wall jacks.
- Uses 110 spacing for Cat5 or higher networks.
- Cables are terminated and secured using a punchdown tool.
93
Keystone Wall Jacks
- Terminates cables in offices and provides a professional, labeled network outlet.
- Can be wired with T568A or T568B standards.
94
T568A vs. T568B Standards:
- T568A: Pin 1 = Green-white, Pin 2 = Green, Pin 3 = Orange-white, Pin 6 = Orange.
- T568B: Pin 1 = Orange-white, Pin 2 = Orange, Pin 3 = Green-white, Pin 6 = Green.
- Pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 remain constant (Blue, Blue-white, Brown-white, Brown).
95
Rack-mounted Patch Panel
A patch panel installed in server racks, allowing organized and labeled connections.
96
Front-facing patch panels
- Combines punch-down blocks and RJ45 jacks on one side for simpler setups.
