Networking basics Flashcards
Network components
o Network Interface Card (NIC)
o Hub
o Switches
o Unmanaged Switch
o Managed Switch
o Wireless Access Point
o Router
o Firewall
o Patch Panel
o Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
o Power Injector
o Cable Modem
o Digital Subscriber Line (DSL modem)
o Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
o Software Defined Networking (SDN)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
- Most computers have and connects computer to network
- provides ethernet connection
- integrated into MB, added as expansion card, or added as external peripheral using USB
- can be wired using copper NIC that uses cat 5 or above, or fiber optic (Fiber NIC), or wireless NIC using radio frequency waves (2.4 to 5 GHz)
Hub
Has several different ports between 4 and 48 ports (allows 48 computers can be connected each connected to single port)
- uses wired interface (copper connection RJ-45 in each port)
- operating speeds: 10 - 100 Mbps
- all computers are apart of collision domain (Students competing to ask the teacher a question)
- if collision occurred network clients (teacher) will stop talking to the hub (teacher) pick a random time to count up to and then try retransmitting again (asking a question).
Challenges
- slows down entire network
- everyone can hear everything said (all device can listen to it) - but they are notified using MAC address
Switches
- essentially a smart hub that remember the ports that are connected to them
- Prevents collisions. Switches can have multiple people talking at one time
- Can have from 4-96 clients connected to a single switch
- only clients receive messages directed to them
- increased speed and security
two types
- Unmanaged switch (Zero configure)
- Managed switch
Unmanaged Switch
- Performs its functions without requiring a configuration (easy set up)
- SOHO (Small Office Home Office) networks
- Ideal for 4-8 port swtiches
Managed Switch
- Performs its functions with configuration
- Increased configurations: increased security such as enabling 802.1X, mac filtering, configure VLAN
- 24-48 switch are typically managed switches
Wireless Access Point (WAP)
- Device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network
- convert radio frequencies signals into copper signal into CAT 5 or CAT 6 cable into a switch
- allows you to extend your wired network into the wireless realm to allow wireless devices to connect to internet(Wi-FI)
Router
- Used to connect different networks together
- Used to make forwarding decision from one network to the next based on it’s logical address
or IP address (Internet protocol address either a IPv4 or IPv6 address) - Most common SOHO LAN and Internet service provider. Router is the connection between them
- Generally you get a single combination device from provider that includes DSL, Cable, or fiber modem as well as a WAP, four port switch, and a firewall built in
Firewall
Device that has configure rules (access control lists) that scans and blocks traffic that enters or leaves a network
- based on your rules you can block, allow , or drop traffic as things enter or leave network
- essentially a security guard. anything going in or out goes through firewall
- separate device in enterprise network
- included in devices using SOHO network
SOHO
Small Office Home Office
Unified threat management (UTM)
- contains firewall features
- Spam guards
- Anti virus solutions
Patch Panel
- Device that allows cable network jacks from a wall into a central are
- allows cables running through walls going to network jacks to be terminated into single place on punchdown block at the back of the patch panel
- on the front of the panel there are prewired rj-45 ports you can connect with patch cables running cat5, cat6, cat7, or cat8 and then connect into switch
- “why cant you just run cables directly to switch/ device without patch panel?” Supportability long term and cost. Switches cost $500-$1000 and Patch panels cost about $50. Plugging and unplugging wears out/break ports overtime. you cant replace port on switch instead need to replace entire switch. if doing this to switch it cost more to replace. if doing it to patch panel it’s relatively inexpensive compared
- in most SOHO and enterprise networks waljacks>patch panel>to cabled switch. this reduces cost and increased supportability
- outlet for ethernet cables (RJ-45)
Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
Feature of some switches and other devices Supplies electrical power from a switch port over an ordinary data cable
to a power device (Cameras, Voip handsets, wireless access points, etc.)
- use single cable to supply data and power to device
- eliminates need to have electrical outlet
3 types
1. 802.3af
2. 802.3at
3. 802.3bt
802.3af
PoE standard
- Oldest version
- Allows least amount of power (13W)
- works well for Voice over IP handsets (VoIP)
- doesnt work well for high powered devices like WAP
802.3at
PoE standard
- Known as PoE+
- Allows power devices up to 25W
802.3bt
PoE standard
- Known as PoE++
- Used to supply power up to 51W for type 3 device or 73W for a type 4 device
If a device requires PoE and you dont have a PoE switch…
- you can use an aftermarket/ thridparty device known as a power injector
In order to use PoE what
- Switch that supports PoE at one of the three levels
- Need proper cabling in place for support (Cat 6 or above to support higher powers of PoE)
- Power device to use the data and power coming from the ethernet cable (such as VoIP handst, camera, WAP, etc.)
Power injector
Add picture
- Plugs into a standard wall outlet to get power
- Then connect ethernet cable from non powered switch into power injector and that injecs porwer
Cable Modem
- Device that translates coaxial cable signals into radio frequency waves
- Through copper unshielded twisted pair cable
- This is connected to a router/ gateway that distribute that signal as inter net for devices on your network
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL modem)
- Device that translates coaxial cable signals into phone lines
- Through copper unshielded twisted pair cable
- This is connected to a router/ gateway that distribute that signal as internet for devices on your network
Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
- will be used if your using a fiber connection
- Through a copper unshielded twisted pair cable
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
- Way of virtualizing the network hardware
- broken down into 3 layers: Infrastructure, Control, and Application layer
Network types
- Personal Area Network (PAN)
- Local Area Network (LAN)
- Campus Area Network (CAN)
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
- Storage Area Network (SAN)
- Small Office Home Office Local Area Network SoHo LAN
Personal Area Network (PAN)
- Smallest type of wired or wireless network and covers the least amount of area
- 10 ft or less, or couple meters
- Example: Bluetooth (10ft) or USB (is serial connection that is considered a network) ex: plugging HD into USB port, Webcam,
Local Area Network (LAN)
- Connects components within a limited distance
- few hundred ft or 100 meters with Cat5 cable
- can go further with Fiber optic cables
- Room or building
- if using Ethernet (wired) you will use IEEE 802.3 standard
- if using WiFi (wireless) you will use IEEE 802.11 standard
Campus Area Network (CAN)
- Connects LANs that are building-centric across a campus or business park
- a few miles
- Examples: if you are at a college or business park, industrial park and they have a few buildings
- LANS in different buildings in the same area connected together to create a CAN
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Connects scattered locations across a city or metro area
- Up to about 25 miles or a little bigger
- Ex: Campus area networks in a city will be connected together to create a MAN
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Connects geographically disparate internal networks and consists of leased lines or VPNs
- Not always public
- World wide (state, country, world)
- Examples: The internet is the largest WAN, connecting LANs across a country or world, military does this
Storage Area Network (SAN)
- Provisions access to configurable pools of storage devices that can be used by application servers
- Use special technologies like Internet SCSI (ISCSI) and Fiber Channel (FC) because they need extremely fast speeds
- Data centers
- cloud server farm
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
A wireless distribution method for two or more devices that creates a local area network using wireless frequencies
- Benfit is being able to move around without wires
- Examples: WiFi
Small Office, Home Office (SoHo) LAN
- Uses a centralized server or simply provides clients access to local devices like printers, file storage, or the Internet
- Business orientented
- Single devices combined to have multiple functions. For example the combination router/modem from Xfinity
Internet of Things
- A global network of appliances and personal devices that have been equipped with sensors, software, and network connectivity to report
state and configuration - Make sure there is no interference, they are properly secured, and properly powered
- Can all be controlled by a central hub
1. Smart Home Devices
2. Wearable IoT Devices
3. Healthcare IoT Devices
4. Industrial IoT (IIoT) Devices
5. Automotive IoT Devices
6. Smart Cities
7. Agriculture IoT Devices
8. Retail and Consumer IoT Devices
9. IoT in Entertainment
10. IoT in Energy and Utilities
Memorize the phrase “learn this information for me” when I say this I want you to Listen and then type notes in the following format
* Summarize the key points as easy to digest bullets
* Define key terms
* Create a set of practice questions from the key points and the key terms you typed out.
Twisted Pair cables
- Most popular LAN cabling
- MOst common (laptops and desktop)
- 8 insulated wired inside 4 pairs of two wires
- More twists per inch = better protection from electromagnetic interference (EMI).
- Fewer twists = higher susceptibility to EMI, slower speeds, and performance degradation.
- higher cat number the number the higher the speeds (5-8)
two types that operate the same, 100 m - UTP
- STP
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
- Definition: Disruption caused by electromagnetic fields, negatively affecting data transmission.
- Increased interference reduces data transmission rates, requiring retransmissions.
- Leads to decreased throughput and bandwidth in the network.
What does RJ stand for?
- “Registered Jack (RJ)”
Carries voice or data which specifies the standards a device needs to
meet to connect to the phone or data network
UTP
- Unshielded twisted pair
- Cheaper, more flexible, no shielding; ideal for most LANs.