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CompTIA Terminology > Network Theories (Chapter 5) > Flashcards

Network Theories (Chapter 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Network

A

A systems ability to connect, share and communicate with other systems.
- provides services and resources

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2
Q

Types of Networks

A

PAN - Personal Area Network
LAN - Local Area Network
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network, made up of small networks
SAN - Storage Area Network

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3
Q

Ethernet Standards

A

Cat 5 - 100Mbps @ 100m 1000BASE-XT
Cat 5e - 1Gbps @ 100m 1000BASE-T
Cat 6 - 1Gbps @ 100m 1000BASE-T
Cat 6 - 10Gbps @ 50m 10GBASE-T
Cat 6A - 10Gbps @ 100m 10GBASE-T

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4
Q

SOHO

A

Small Office/ Home Office is a network using single internet appliances as access points (Ethernet Switch, Internet Router)

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5
Q

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

A

Most common type of ethernet cable with 4 twisted pairs of wires that carry equal signals.
- easily workable
- protection against Crosstalk & EMI

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6
Q

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

A

Each twisted copper pair is covered in a conductive metal foil to protect against Crosstalk and EMI. metal foil makes cable harder to work with

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7
Q

Plenum Cables

A

A fire safe ethernet cables that is graded to be used in ventilation ducts, which does not produce any harmful gases when heated.
- PVC jacket
- fire rated cable
- not flexible
- CMP/MMP rate

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8
Q

Patch Panel

A

A pass through devices where network cables form a computer gets hard wired into the back of the devices and then rewired from the front into a switch

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9
Q

Switch

A

a device that connects other devices together on a network
- forwards data based on data link address (MAC)
- up to 48 ports
- can provide Power over Ethernet (PoE)
- L-3 switches have build in routers capabilities

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10
Q

Fiber Optic

A

A cable that sends data via light that prevent interference and signal attenuation

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11
Q

Single Mode Fiber (SMF)

A
  • Long range (100Km)
  • small core = long wavelength
  • more expensive than MMF
  • laser light source
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12
Q

Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)

A
  • Short range (2Km)
  • Larger core = shorter wavelength
  • Less expensive than SMF
  • LED light source
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13
Q

Coaxial Cable

A

Used for carrying cable TV signals as well as broadband cable internet
-Copper cable (No twisted pair)
- Protection against EMI

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14
Q

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A

A built in component of a motherboard or an expansion card used to connect the system to a network.
- has a unique MAC address
Comes with LED status lights
- link light — shows if a network signal is present
- active light — flickers when packets are bing transferred
- speed light — changes colour depending on transfer speed

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15
Q

Unmanaged Switch

A
  • works without configuration (stores a database of MAC address on the network)
  • built into SOHO routers
  • 4 or 8 ports
    -No virtual Lan/ low cost
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16
Q

Managed Switch

A
  • Used in large corporate networks
  • Traffic prioritization
  • Redundancy support
  • Port Mirroring
  • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
  • remote configuration
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17
Q

Power over Ethernet (PoE)

A

A switch cable of sending power to a device on a network via an ethernet cable Cat 5 or better
- PoE = 15.4W
- PoE+ = 25.5W
- PoE++ = 71.3W
None PoE switches can have an injector that would supply power for PoE

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18
Q

MAC Address

A

Media Access Control
- the physical address of a device on a network assigned by a NIC
- unique 48-bit identifier code

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19
Q

802.11n (Wi-fi 4)

A
  • 5GHz or 2.4 GHz
  • 40Mhz Data channel
  • 600Mbps
  • 4x MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) can transmit/receive from multiple antennas
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20
Q

802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)

A
  • 5GHz
  • 160MHz Data channel
  • 7Gbps
  • 8x DL MU-MIMO (Download Multiple user MIMO) send data up 4 machines at time
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21
Q

802.11ax (Wi-Fi6)

A
  • 5GHz or 2.4GHz
  • 20, 40, 80 & 160Mhz Data channel
  • 1.2 - 9.6Gbps
  • 8x DL & UL MU-MIMO (DL & Upload MU-MIMO)
    -OFDMA – can sustain higher data rates when more machines are connected to the access point
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22
Q

Wireless Frequencies

A

2.4GHz
- Longer wavelength = long distance & able to moves through solids easily
- Limited amount of channels = more congestion
- Slower data rate
5GHz
- Shorter wavelength = shorter distance & difficulty moving through solids
- more channels = less congested
- Higher data rate

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23
Q

Wireless Channels

A

Wireless channels: 1, 6, 11 ( don’t cause any interference with eachother)
2.4GHz
- 30-45m
- 14 overlapping channels (interference)
5GHz
- 30m
- 23 non-overlapping channels

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24
Q

Wireless Network Types

A

Basic Service Set (BSS)
- A network with a singular access point
Extended Service Set (ESS)
- A network with multiple access points
BSSID
- MAC address for the access point of a BSS

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25
Q

Public IP Address

A

Is the IP address that the ISP assigns to a network via a router that allows the network to access the internet

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26
Q

Private IP Address

A

An IP address that is used for internal communication on a private network, it does not have internet routing capabilities.
- assigned by router
Private IP range:
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
192.168.0.0

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27
Q

NAT

A

Network Access Translator
A part of a router that translates a devices private IP address into a public IP address, so that the device can access the internet.

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28
Q

TCP/IP

A

Is a protocol suite that specifies how devices exchange data over a network, it’s designed to move large amount of data.

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29
Q

TCP/IP Layers

A
  • Application Layer
  • Transport Layer
  • Internet Layer
  • Link/Network Link Layer
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30
Q

ISP

A

Internet Service Provider
- Provides the gateway for a network to access the internet
- ISPs administers IP address, register domain names and host emails & website

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31
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol is a secure protocol that verifies that data is received
- connected orientated
- Secured Communication
- data transmission verification
- Reorder out of order data transmission
- Flow Rate control over of data transmission

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32
Q

DNS

A

Domain Name Server
A server that fetches IP address for website from a hierarchal database structure where the Root (.) server is the highest followed by extension sever (‘com’, ‘gov’, ‘co’, ect)
- ICANN manage and register domain names

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33
Q

IPv4

A

Primary IP address protocol used to communicate on an network
Consist of 32 binary digits:
11000000. 10101000. 00000001. 10000011
- each 8 bit is a 1 byte which is 1 Octet
Can be converted into dotted decimal notation dividing each Octet into a value:
198. 41.16.9
Total range: 4.3 Billion addresses

34
Q

IPv6

A

Newer form of IPv4 with 128bit, uses hexadecimal notations (0-9, A-F).
- 8 octet
- last 64bit is the host IP address
Range: 340 Undecillion Addresses
- IPv6 LAN is called ‘link-local’
- nodes in the same link are ‘Neighbours’

35
Q

Satellite Internet Connection

A

Communicates with devices via satellites
- Expensive
- High latency 250ms
- Line of sight required

36
Q

Fiber Internet connection

A
  • more expensive than copper
    -High bandwidth
  • long distances
37
Q

Cable Broadband

A

Copper wire that transmits different frequencies for different types of data
DOCSIS
-Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
- high speed
DSL / ADSL
- Digital Subscriber Line
- Asymmetric DSL
- different upload and download speeds
- uses telephone lines

38
Q

Cellular Internet Connections

A

Cellar Networks
- data being sent over mobile phones that are connected via tethering/ hotspot

39
Q

WISP

A

Wireless Service provider
- transmits signals via local antenna
- uses cellar communications (5G)
WISP types:
-long range Fixed Wireless connection
- Satellite (LoS)

40
Q

Dynamic IP Addresses

A

IP address are automatically assigned to devices within a provate network by a DHCP server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocols(DHCP)
- Server that automatically assigns IP addresses of all systems on a network

41
Q

Static IP Addresses

A

IP address for devices on a private network (cannot access internet) that has been manually assigned so that it doesn’t change
- Disable DHCP on the device
- set IP reservation on the IP address that will associate a MAC address with an IP address

42
Q

APIPA

A

Automatic Private IP Addressing
(link-local address)
- An address assigned to a devices when it cannot access a DHCP
- Devices will not be able to access the internet but will be able to communicate with other devices on the network
- IP address range:
169.254.0.0 - 169.254.254.255

43
Q

IPv6 short hand notation

A

1) Remove leading zeros
2) first multiple sequences (2 or more) of zeros can be replaced with ::
2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234
= 2001:db8:0000:0000:abc:0:def0:1234
= 201:db8::abc:0:def0:1234

44
Q

Port

A

Unique ID for a service using TCP or UPD for transport.

45
Q

Attenuation

A

Signal degradation over cables

46
Q

Ethernet cabling types

A

U - unshielded
S - Braided
F - Foil shielding
I - Direct burial

47
Q

Wiring Standards (TIA/EIA 568A)

A

-White + Green
-Green
-White + Orange
-Blue
-White + Blue
-Orange
-White + Brown
-Brown

48
Q

Wiring Standards TIA/EIA 568B

A

-White & Orange
-Orange
-White & Green
-Blue
-White & Blue
-Green
-White & Brown
-Brown

49
Q

Cable tester

A

A devices that both ends of a ethernet cable gets connected to that checks that the cable is functioning by sending and recieving signals on the wire

50
Q

Tap

A

Intercepts network traffic and can send a copy of the network packet to a capture device.
- active or passive

51
Q

Port Mirroring

A

Redirects network packets to be analysed

52
Q

Fiber optic connectors

A
  • Straight Tip (TP)
  • Subscriber Connector (SC)
  • Lucent/Local Connector (LC)
53
Q

Network Hardware device

A

Is a device that allows a computer to connect to a network via a certain network media (ethernet, fiber) to forward data between computers

54
Q

Long ranges Fixed Wireless

A

Wireless technology that can bridge between 2 networks. Two antennas are fixed and pointing at eachother that connects two LAN,l
- laying cable not required
- No need to use ISP
- Radio configuration must be set up correctly
-

55
Q

IXPs

A

Internet exchange points
Connects all ISP together on a high bandwidth connection

56
Q

Broadband Internet Access

A

Multiple streams of data types through one access point over different frequencies (video, data, voice)

DOCSIS (data on a cable service interface specification)
- 1Gbps
- shared with neighbours (degrades speed)
DSL

57
Q

Fiber to Premises

A

ONT (optic network terminal)
- connects fiber network to copper RJ45 network
FTTP
- connects fiber directly to your premise

58
Q

Router

A

A devices that allows a network to be connected to the internet via an ISP.
Consists of 2 IP address:
- one that connects to the ISP and the other that connects to your network
- It can also divide a physical network into a logical network
-VLAN communicates through routers
- can filter and monitor traffic flowing through

59
Q

Hops

A

Is the logical forward decision that routers make to reach it’s target destination. (Jumps required to reach end point)
- IP packets commonly have 30 Hops
(Time to live) Before it is discarded

60
Q

Link/Network Interface

A

The lowest TCP/IP layer
Responsible for connecting and transfers data over a network via the uses of MAC Address (does not connect over internet) and consists of the medium in which the network communicates, (Ethernet, WiFi, Optic)
- sends data across the network in “Frames”

61
Q

Internet Layer

A

IP layer
Allows a network to connect and communicate over the internet via an ISP with the uses of an IP Address
- sends data as across the internet as “packets”

62
Q

Transport Layer

A

Layer that defines which format the data will be transmitted in.
TCP - secure transmission connection - orientated
UDP - fast transmission connectionless

63
Q

Application layer

A

Defines which protocol and port the application will use in order to transmits and receive data
- HTTP, DNS, FTP

64
Q

Subnet Mask

A

Is a 32bit encoded address of the Host and Network ID of an IPv4 addres .
- First 3 Octet = Network ID
- Last Octet = host ID
255.255.255.0
255 in binary = 11111111

65
Q

Default Gateway

A

The IP address of a router that connects to the internet.
Routers network adapter
- IP address connecting to ISP
- IP address connecting router to your network

66
Q

Host IP Configuration

A

Parameters that are required for a devices to correctly connect to the internet
- Subnet mask
- IP address
- Default Gateway
- DNS

67
Q

DHCP

A

Dynamic Host configuration Protocol
- assign Host IP configuration on boot
(Subnet, IP address, default Gateway, DNS)
- Can have a reservation list of IP address that the DHCP won’t assign to a device

68
Q

Private IP address

A

IP Address used within a LAN that the DHCP will use to assign to devices.
- unable to connect to the internet
10.0.0.0 or 172.0.0.0 or 192.0.0.0

69
Q

NAT

A

Network Address Translator (IPv4)
A component of a router/default Gateway that converts your Private IP addresses into a singular Public IP address to surf to web

70
Q

UDP

A

User Data Protocol is a fast data transmission protocol
- connectionless
- Fast communication (live )
- No data transmission verification
- No flow rate Control of data transmission

71
Q

DHCP Sever configuration

A

Properties that DHCP configures devises with:
- IP address
- Subnet mask
- default Gateway
- DNS
- lease duration

72
Q

DHCP process

A

Steps that DHCP takes to configure a device on the network
DORA:
1 Discover - devices tries to locate DHCP
2 Offer - DHCP offers IP to device
3 Request - device request IP from offer list
4 Acknowledge - DHCP confirms new device IP as well as all Host configuration (IP address, Default Gateway, DNS, subnet mask)

73
Q

DHCP lease duration

A

Is the configured time that DHCP assigns an IP address to a device.
- checks with DHCP at 50% and 87.5% of lease time to ensure that device still has a connection to DHCP, if no communication then APIPA is assigned.

74
Q

Static IP Address setup

A
  • Navigate to Network Adapter
  • Open WiFi properties
  • locate TCP/IPv4
  • Select to manual configure IP
  • set up new IP Address, Subnet mask, default Gateway & DNS servers
75
Q

DNS Records

A

Address Record
- Defines the IP address of a computer name
- A record (IPv4)
-AAAA record (IPv6)
MX (Mail Exchange Record)
- Determines the name for the Mail server
RR (Resources Records)
- database records of devices and roles on DNS
- stores over 30 records
Text Record
- human only readable text used for note taking

76
Q

DNS Spam Management

A

SPF - Sender Policy Framework
DKIM - Domain Keys Identified Mail
DMARK - Domain-Based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance

77
Q

DMARK

A

Domain-Based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance is a DNS security measure that prevents unauthorized emails
- an extension of SPF & DKIM

78
Q

DKIM

A

Domain Keys Identified Mail is a DNS security measure that digital signs domains outgoings mail That is validated by mail sever

79
Q

SPF

A

Sender Policy Framework is a list of servers on a DNS that are authorised to send emails for a given domain and critical information. Mail server checks if mail comes from authorised host.
- prevents mail spoofing

80
Q

Network Host Service

A

Authentication server
DHCP/DNS
LPAD
NetBIOS/NetBT

81
Q

Inventory Management Services

A
  • SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
  • Endpoint Management
  • Syslog

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