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A+ 220-1101 > Network Configurations > Flashcards

Network Configurations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of an IPv4 address?

A

An IPv4 address is written in dotted-decimal notation, consisting of four octets (e.g., 192.168.1.4). Each octet is 8 bits, making the full address 32 bits.

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2
Q

How is an IPv4 address represented in binary?

A

Each octet in an IPv4 address is converted to an 8-bit binary number. For example, 255 in decimal equals 11111111 in binary.

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3
Q

What is the role of a subnet mask in IPv4?

A

A subnet mask divides an IP address into the network and host portions, helping to identify the network and available hosts.

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4
Q

What are the IPv4 address classes and their ranges?

A

Class A: 1-127 (default mask /8)
Class B: 128-191 (default mask /16)
Class C: 192-223 (default mask /24)
Class D: 224-239 (multicast)
Class E: 240-255 (experimental)

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5
Q

What is CIDR notation, and how does it simplify subnetting?

A

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) uses a slash notation (e.g., 192.168.1.4/24) to define the network portion of an IP address, providing more flexible subnetting.

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6
Q

What are the common private IP address ranges?

A

Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

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7
Q

What is the difference between public and private IP addresses?

A

Public IPs are assigned globally and can be accessed over the internet, while private IPs are used within a local network and cannot be routed over the internet.

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8
Q

What is the loopback address in IPv4?

A

The loopback address is 127.0.0.1, used for testing network protocols on the local machine.

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9
Q

What are the four steps of the DHCP process (DORA)?

A
  1. Discover: Client requests an IP.
  2. Offer: DHCP server offers an IP.
  3. Request: Client requests the offered IP.
  4. Acknowledge: Server confirms the assignment.
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10
Q

What is DHCP reservation?

A

DHCP reservation ensures that a device always receives the same IP address based on its MAC address.

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11
Q

What is APIPA and when is it used?

A

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) assigns an IP in the 169.254.x.x range when a DHCP server is unavailable.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of DNS?

A

DNS translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into numeric IP addresses for easier access to network services.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the A record in DNS?

A

The A record maps a domain name to an IPv4 address.

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14
Q

What does TTL mean in DNS?

A

TTL (Time to Live) specifies how long a DNS record should be cached by DNS resolvers to reduce repeated lookups.

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15
Q

What is a VLAN and why is it used?

A

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) segments a network into multiple broadcast domains, improving security and efficiency by isolating traffic.

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16
Q

What is VLAN trunking?

A

VLAN trunking uses 802.1q to allow multiple VLANs to share a single physical link between switches while preserving logical separation.

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17
Q

What is a VPN and why is it used?

A

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network over a public network, allowing secure access to data as if directly connected to the private network.

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18
Q

What is a site-to-site VPN?

A

A site-to-site VPN connects two separate office networks, allowing encrypted data to travel over the public internet.

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19
Q

What is the difference between full tunnel and split tunnel in VPN?

A

Full Tunnel: Routes all traffic (internet and internal) through the VPN.
Split Tunnel: Routes only corporate traffic through the VPN, leaving other traffic to go directly to the internet.

20
Q

What is the difference between inbound and outbound ports?

A

Inbound ports listen for connections (e.g., web servers on port 80), while outbound ports are used by clients to initiate connections (often random high numbers).

21
Q

What are the three main port ranges and what do they represent?

A

Well-Known Ports (0–1023): Common protocols like HTTP (80), FTP (20/21), SSH (22).

Registered Ports (1024–49151): Proprietary protocols like RDP (3389).

Dynamic/Private Ports (49152–65535): Used by applications for temporary connections.

22
Q

Which common protocols use the following ports: 80, 443, 22, 53, 3389?

A

HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), SSH (22), DNS (53), RDP (3389).

23
Q

What is the main difference between TCP and UDP?

A

TCP is connection-oriented and reliable, ensuring data arrives in order, while UDP is connectionless and unreliable, with no guarantee of data delivery.

24
Q

What are the key characteristics of TCP?

A

Reliable with retransmission of lost segments.

Uses a three-way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK).

Ensures data integrity (e.g., HTTP, SSH).

25
Q

What are the key characteristics of UDP?

A

Unreliable, with no retransmission of lost packets.

No sequence or flow control.

Suitable for applications that can tolerate some data loss (e.g., VoIP, streaming).

26
Q

What are common use cases for TCP?

A

Web browsing (HTTP/HTTPS), remote login (SSH), and email (SMTP), where data integrity is essential.

27
Q

What are common use cases for UDP?

A

Video/audio streaming, VoIP, gaming, and some network protocols (e.g., DHCP, TFTP), where speed is more important than reliability.

28
Q

How does flow control work in TCP?

A

TCP uses windowing to manage the flow of data, avoiding congestion and ensuring smooth transmission.

29
Q

What is a simple analogy to understand TCP and UDP?

A

TCP: Like certified mail, ensuring every piece of data reaches its destination.

UDP: Like sending a postcard, with no guarantee of delivery.

30
Q

What are the port numbers for FTP, and what is its purpose?

A

FTP uses ports 20 and 21 for unencrypted file transfers.

31
Q

What port does SSH use, and what is its purpose?

A

SSH uses port 22 for secure command-line access.

32
Q

What port does Telnet use, and what is its purpose?

A

Telnet uses port 23 for unsecure command-line access.

33
Q

What port does SMTP use, and what is its purpose?

A

SMTP uses port 25 for sending emails.

34
Q

What port does DNS use, and what is its purpose?

A

DNS uses port 53 for name-to-IP mapping.

35
Q

What are the port numbers for DHCP, and what is its purpose?

A

DHCP uses ports 67 and 68 for dynamic IP allocation.

36
Q

What port does HTTP use, and what is its purpose?

A

HTTP uses port 80 for insecure web browsing.

37
Q

What port does POP3 use, and what is its purpose?

A

POP3 uses port 110 for basic email retrieval.

38
Q

What port numbers does NetBIOS use, and what is its purpose?

A

NetBIOS uses ports 137-139 for Windows file and printer sharing.

39
Q

What port does IMAP use, and what is its purpose?

A

IMAP uses port 143 for advanced email retrieval with synchronization.

40
Q

What are the port numbers for SNMP, and what is its purpose?

A

SNMP uses ports 161 and 162 for network management.

41
Q

What port does LDAP use, and what is its purpose?

A

LDAP uses port 389 for directory services.

42
Q

What port does HTTPS use, and what is its purpose?

A

HTTPS uses port 443 for secure web browsing.

43
Q

What port does SMB use, and what is its purpose?

A

SMB uses port 445 for Windows file and printer sharing.

44
Q

What port does RDP use, and what is its purpose?

A

RDP uses port 3389 for graphical remote desktop access.

45
Q
A

A+ 220-1101 (29 decks)

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