Network Basics (1.2 & 2.1) Flashcards
Purpose of Networks (connect machines / types of traffic / 5 9’s)
- To make connections between machines
- Converged networks combine multiple types of traffic like data, video, and voice.
- We expect 99.999% availability (5 9’s) ; which means we expect only 5 minutes downtime per year.
Types of Network Traffic (Everyday functions that carry out)
- File Sharing
- Video chatting
- Surfing the Web
- Social Media
- Streaming Video
- VoIP
- Messaging
Types of Network Components (first is client)
- Client
- Server
- Hub
- Wireless Access Point (WAP)
- Switch
- Router
- Media
- Wide Area Network (WAN) Link
Client (Anything that connects to a network)
- Device end-user accesses the network with
- Found in workstation, laptop, tablet, smartphone, television, server, or any other terminal devices.
- Can be any device that connects to a network.
Server (provides resources / different servers = different functions)
- Provides resources to the rest of the network.
- Different servers provide different functions, such as, E-Mail server, Web server, File server, Chat, and Print Server.
Hub (old tech / more ports but increased errors / receives info and rebroadcasts to all other ports)
- Older technology to connect networked devices, such as clients and servers.
- Can be interconnected to provide more ports, but this eventually leads to increased network errors.
- Receives information in one port and rebroadcasts it out all the other ports.
Wireless Access Point (WAP)
- Device that allows wireless devices to connect into a wired network.
- Used in home, small businesses, and large enterprise networks.
- Acts like a wireless hub
Switch (hub / learns / forwards traffic based on mac address / efficient)
- Connects networked devices such as clients and servers (like a hub)
- Switches learn what devices are on which switch ports
- Switches only forward traffic received from a port to the destination port based on the device’s MAC address
- Provides more security and efficiently uses available bandwidth
Router (networks / forwards traffic / ip for traffic)
- Connect two different networks together.
- Forwards traffic to and from a network based on its logical address.
- Most modern routers use Internet Protocol (IP) address to determine routing of traffic.
Media (connection between devices / cable / strengths and limitations
- Connect two devices or a device to a port
- Made from copper cable, fiber optic cable, or radio frequency waves (WiFi)
- Each type has strengths and limitations, such as its available bandwidth, capacity, distance that can be covered, and cost to install and maintain
Wide Area Network (WAN) Link
- Physically connects networks together
- Numerous WAN links are available: leased lines, DSL, Cable, Fiber Optic, Satellite, Cellular, Microwave, …
- Connects internal network to external networks, such as a SOHO network to Internet
Breakdown of Client/Server Model (dedicated server (files scanners…) / administration and backup )
Client/Server Model:
- Uses dedicated server to provide access to files, scanners, printers, and other resources
- Administration and backup are easier since resources are located on a few key servers
Benefits:
- Centralized Administration
- Easier Management
- Scalability
Drawbacks:
- Higher cost
- Requires dedicates resources
- Requires network operating system
Breakdown of Peer-to-Peer Model
Peer-to-Peer Model:
- Peers (PCs) share resources (files/printers) with each other directly
- Administration and backup are more difficult since resources are located on a many PCs which adds to the administrative burden
Benefits:
- Lower cost
- No dedicated resources required
- No specialized operating system required
Drawbacks:
- Decentralized management
- Inefficient for large networks
- Poor scalability
Structure of Network Geography
Shortest to Largest
- Personal Area Network (PAN)
- Local Area Network (LAN)
- Campus Area Network (CAN)
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Wide Area Network( WAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN) (Small network / covers least amount / bluetooth)
-Smallest type of wired or wireless network.
-Covers the least amount (about a few meters).
- Examples include:
Bluetooth cellphone to car
USB hard drive to laptop
Local Area Network (LAN) (connection limited / short distance / via wifi or eth)
- Connects components in a limited distance.
- Each segment is limited to short distances, such as 100 meters with CAT 5 cabling
- Consists of Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) or WiFi networks (IEEE 802.11) which is Internal wired or wireless networks.
Campus Area Network (CAN) (building-centric / many square miles / business parks)
-Connects building-centric LANs across a university, industrial park, or business park.
-Covers many square miles and buildings.
Examples:
College Campus
Business Parks
Military bases
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) (scattered connections across city / 25 miles )
-Connects scattered locations across a city
-Larger than a CAN, but smaller than a WAN
-Covers up to a 25-mile radius in larger cities
Examples:
City departments like a police department.
Community college with campuses spread across a county.
Wide Area Network (WAN) (geographically / vpn / country or world)
-Connects geographically disparate internal networks
-Consists of leased lines or VPNs tunneled over the Internet
-Covers distance around the country or around the world
Examples:
The Internet (largest WAN)
Connection between two private corporate networks like from New York to Seattle.
Wireless Network Topology (Modes)
- Infrastructure Mode
- Ad Hoc Mode
- Wireless Mesh Topology
Infrastructure Mode (common network / centralized / WAP (star) / security cont)
- Most common type of wireless network
- Requires centralized management
- Uses a wireless access point as a centralized point like a star topology
- Supports wireless security controls
Ad Hoc Mode
Decentralized wireless network
▪ No routers or access points are required
▪ Forwarding decisions for data on the network are made dynamically
▪ Allows creation/joining of networks “on-the-fly”
▪ Creates P2P connections
Wireless Mesh Topology
Interconnection of different types of nodes or devices
▪ Consists of clients, routers, and gateways
▪ Utilizes different radio frequencies to extend and expand access
▪ Reliable and redundant connections
Internet of Things (IoT)
▪ 802.11:
Operates as infrastructure or ad hoc
▪ Bluetooth:
Low energy use variant of Bluetooth which allows for a mesh network
▪ RFID
Uses electromagnetic fields to read data stored in embedded tags
▪ NFC
Enables two electronic devices to communicate within a 4 cm range
▪ Infrared (IR)
Z-Wave
Provides short-range, low-latency data transfer at rates and power consumption lower than Wi-Fi
Used primarily for home automation (Devices such as a TV Remote or cordless equipment)
▪ Ant+
Collection and transfer of sensor data
Used with remote control systems (tire pressure, TVs, lights) (Heart Rate Monitors, Speed Sensors, GPS devices)
802.11
-Operates as infrastructure or ad hoc
Bluetooth
-Low energy use variant of Bluetooth which allows for a mesh network
RFID
-Uses electromagnetic fields to read data stored in embedded tags
NFC (two devices / 4cm)
-Enables two electronic devices to communicate within a 4 cm range
Infrared (IR) ( line of sight / tv remote)
-Operates with line of sight (TV remote)
Z-Wave (like infrared MAYBE)
- Provides short-range, low-latency data transfer at rates and power consumption lower than Wi-Fi
- Used primarily for home automation
Ant+ (collection of sensor data / heartrate, gps, speed )
- Collection and transfer of sensor data
- Used with remote control systems (tire pressure, TVs, lights)
