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CompTIA Network+ (N10-008) > IP Addressing (1.4 & 1.6) > Flashcards

IP Addressing (1.4 & 1.6) Flashcards

1
Q

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

A

o An assigned numerical label that is used to identify Internet communicating devices on a computer network
▪ Layer 2
● Between two devices that are internal to own network or LAN
▪ Layer 3
● Between two different networks or even two different subnets

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2
Q

IPv4 Addressing

A

o Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Addressing
▪ Written in dotted-decimal notation
● 10.1.2.3
● 172.21.243.67
▪ Each IPv4 address is divided into 4 separate numbers and divided by dots
▪ Each of these divisions are called octets due to having 8 bits assigned
▪ 32-bits in length

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3
Q

IPv4 Addressing

A

▪ IPv4 address is divided into network and host portions
▪ Subnet mask defines the network portion
● Network portion if a binary 1
● Host portion if binary 0

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4
Q

Classes of IP Addresses

A

▪ Default subnet mask assigned by first octet
● Classful Masks if using default subnet mask
▪ Defines the Class of IP Address

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5
Q

Routable IPs

A

▪ Publicly routable IP addresses are globally managed by ICANN
● Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
o ARIN, LACNIC, AFNIC, APNIC, and RIPE NCC
▪ Public IP’s must be purchased before use through your Internet Service Provider (ISP

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6
Q

Private IPs

A

▪ Private IP’s can be used by anyone
▪ Not routable outside your local area network
▪ Network Address Translation (NAT) allows for routing of private IPs through a public IP

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7
Q

Specialized IPs

A

▪ Loopback addresses (127.x.x.x range)
● Refers to the device itself and used for testing
● Most commonly used as 127.0.0.1

▪ Automatic Private IP Addresses (APIPA)
● Dynamically assigned by OS when DHCP server is unavailable and address not assigned manually
● Range of 169.254.x.x

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8
Q

Identifying Network and Hosts in IPv4

A
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9
Q

Virtual IP Addresses (VIP or VIPA)

A

▪ An IP address that does not correlate to an actual physical network interface
▪ respond to numerous IP addresses and have them resolve to your physical network interface to establish connectivity

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10
Q

Subinterfaces

A

▪ A virtual interface that is created by dividing up one physical interface into multiple logical interfaces

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11
Q

IPv4 Data Flows

A

o Unicast
▪ Data travels from a single source device to a single destination device

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12
Q

Multicast

A

▪ Data travels from a single source device to multiple (but specific) destination devices

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13
Q

Broadcast

A

▪ Data travels from a single source device to all devices on a destination network

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14
Q

Assigning IP Addresses

A
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15
Q

Static

A

▪ Simple
▪ Time-consuming
▪ Prone to human errors
▪ Impractical for large networks

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16
Q

Dynamic

A

▪ Quicker
▪ Easier
▪ Less confusing
▪ Simplistic for large networks

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17
Q

Components of an IP Address

A

▪ Information assigned from static or dynamic
● IP Address
● Subnet Mask
● Default Gateway
● Server addresses

o Domain Name System (DNS)
▪ Converts domain names to IP address
o Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)
▪ Converts NetBIOS computer name into an IP address

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18
Q

Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) Configuration

A

▪ Based on the older Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP for short)
● Required static database of IP and MAC to assign
▪ DHCP service assigns an IP from an assignable pool (scope)
▪ IP Address Management is software used to manage the IP’s being assigned

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19
Q

Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)

A

▪ Provides clients with
● IP
● Subnet mask
● Default gateway
● DNS server
● WINS server

● Other variables needed for VoIP
▪ Each IP is leased for a given amount of time and given back to the pool when lease expires (TTL)

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20
Q

Automatic Private IP Address (APIPA)

A

▪ Used when device does not have a static IP address and cannot reach a DHCP server
▪ Allows a network device to self-assign an IP address from the 169.254.0.0/16 network
▪ Designed to allow quick configuration of a LAN without need for DHCP
▪ Non-routable but allows for network connectivity inside the local subnet

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21
Q

Zero Configuration (Zeroconf)

A

▪ Newer technology based on APIPA providing:
● Assigning link-local IP addresses
o Non-routable IP usable only on local subnet
● Resolving computer names to IP addresses without the need for DNS server on local network
o mDNS - Multicast Domain Name Server
● Locating network services
o Provides service discovery protocols
▪ Service Location Protocol (SLP)
▪ Microsoft’s Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP)
▪ Apple’s DNS-based Service Discovery (DNS-SD)

22
Q

Computer Mathematics

A

o Humans count using Base-10 numbers
▪ Decimals
▪ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …
o Computers and networks do not understand decimal numbers natively
o Process numbers using Base-2 numbers
▪ Binary
▪ 0, 1, 10, 11, …

23
Q

Converting Binary to Decimal

A

o Use table to convert from binary to decimal
o Each number is a factor of 2
o Starting from the right and go to the left

o Populate the table with the binary digits
o Add up any columns that contain a 1

24
Q

Converting Decimal to Binary

A

o Use subtraction to convert decimal to binary

25
Q

Computer Mathematics Practice

A

o You must be able to convert:
o Binary > Decimal
Decimal > Binary

26
Q

Converting Binary to Decimal

A
27
Q

Converting Decimal to Binary

A
28
Q

Subnetting

A

o Default classful subnet masks are rarely the optimal choice for a subnet size
o Subnets can be modified using subnet masks to create networks that are better scoped
o Creating a subnet involves borrowing bits from the original host portion and adding them to the network portion

29
Q

Purpose of Subnets

A

▪ More efficient use of IP addresses than classful default
▪ Enables separation of networks for security
▪ Enables bandwidth control

30
Q

Subnet Masks

A
31
Q

Subnetting Formulas

A
32
Q

Classful vs Subnetted Networks

A

Classful subnet (192.168.1.0/24)

1 network (2^0), where s is the number of borrowed bits

256 IPs (2^8), where h is the number of host bits

Classless subnet (192.168.1.64/26)

4 networks (2^2), where s is the number of borrowed bits

64 IPs (2^6), where h is the number of host bits

33
Q

Calculating Number of Subnets

A

192.168.1.0/26

*Default mask is /24, so we borrowed 2 bits from the host space

2^s = 2^2 = 4,

which means there are four created subnets

34
Q

Calculating Number of IPs

A

Total bits are 32 and the mask is /26

32-26 = 6 host bits (h)

2h - 2 = 2^6 - 2 = 64 -2 = 62

62 assignable IPs in each subnet

35
Q

Listing Subnets

A

Created 4 subnets of 62 usable IPs each

*Where does each network begin and end?

Network ID (First IP)

0, 64, 128, 192

Broadcast (Last IP)

63, 127, 191, 255

36
Q

Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)

A

▪ Instead of advertising multiple individual routes, the routes can be summarized and advertised as a single route
▪ Used to summarize contiguous networks
● Called route aggregation

37
Q

Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)

A

▪ Allows subnets of various sizes to be used
▪ Requires a routing protocol that supports it
● RIPv2, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, and BGP
▪ Basically, it is subnetting subnets
▪ Without VLSM, all subnets would have to be the same size

38
Q

Subnetting Exam Tip

A

CIDR

/30 /29 /28 /27 /26 /25 /24

of subnets (left to right)

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

of IPs (left to right)

4 8 16 32 64 128 256

39
Q

Example Subnetting Practice (LOOK AT MORE OF THESE ON THE WAY)

A

How many assignable IP addresses exist in this network?

192.168.1.0 /28

If we look at the chart, /28 has 16 usable IPs, but subtract the network IP and broadcast IP = 16 -2 = 14 assignable IP addresses.

40
Q

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing

A

o IPv6
▪ IPv4 essentially ran out of addresses due to proliferation of devices
▪ IPv6 addressing provides enough IP addresses for generations to come
▪ Enough IPv6 addresses for every person on the planet (5 x 1028)

IPv4 = 2^32 = 4.2 billion addresses

IPv6 = 2^128 = 340 undecillion addresses

▪ IPv5 was an experimental protocol that was abandoned, although some of its concepts have been incorporated into other protocols

41
Q

IPv6 Benefits

A

▪ No broadcasts
▪ No fragmentation
● Performs MTU (maximum transmission units) discovery for each session
▪ Can coexist with IPv4 during transition
● Dual stack (run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously)
● IPv6 over IPv4 (tunneling over IPv4)
o Allows an existing IPv4 router to carry IPv6 traffic
o Encapsulates IPv6 packets within IPv4 headers to carry this IPv6 data over IPv4 routers and other infrastructure
▪ Simplified header
● 5 fields instead of 12 fields

42
Q

Headers (IPv4 and IPv6)

A

Check chart of the different headers IPv4 vs IPv6

43
Q

IPv6 Address Structure

A

▪ Each hexadecimal digit is 4-bits
▪ 128-bits in an IPv6 address
▪ No more than 32 hexadecimal digits

44
Q

IPv6 Address Types

A

▪ Unicast Addresses
● Used to identify a single interface

o Globally routable unicast addresses
▪ Begins with 2000 to 3999
o Link-local address
▪ Begins with FE80
▪ It uses stateless address autoconfiguration, or SLAAC

▪ Multicast Addresses
● Used to identify a group of interfaces so that a packet can be sent to a multicast address and then be delivered to all of the interfaces in the group
o Begins with FF
▪ Anycast Addresses
● Used to identify a set of interfaces so that a packet can be sent to any member of a set

45
Q
A
46
Q

Do you need DHCP for IPv6?

A

▪ IPv6 uses auto configuration to discover the current network and selects its own host ID based on its MAC using the EUI64 process
▪ If you want to still use DHCP, there is a DHCPv6 protocol
▪ IPv6 uses Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) to learn the Layer 2 addresses on the network

47
Q

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)

A

▪ Discovers the current network that an interface is located on and then select its own host ID based on its MAC address using the EUI64 process
● Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)

48
Q

Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)

A

▪ Used to learn Layer 2 addresses on network
▪ Router Solicitation
● Hosts send message to locate routers on link
▪ Router Advertisement
● Router advertise their presence periodically and in response to solicitation
▪ Neighbor Solicitation
● Used by nodes to determine link layer addresses
▪ Neighbor Advertisement
● Used by nodes to respond to solicitation messages
▪ Redirect
● Routers informing host of better first-hop routers

49
Q

IPv6 Data Flows

A

o IPv6 Data Flows
▪ Three data flow methods, like IPv4
● Unicast
● Multicast
● Anycast (new to IPv6)

50
Q

Unicast

A

▪ Data travels from a single source device to a single destination device

51
Q

Multicast

A

▪ Data travels from a single source device to multiple (but specific) destination devices

52
Q

Anycast

A

▪ Designed to let one host initiate the efficient updating of router tables for a group of hosts
▪ IPv6 can determine which gateway host is closest and sends the packets to that host as though it were a unicast communication
▪ That host can anycast to another host in the group until all routing tables are updated
▪ Data travels from a single source device to the device nearest to multiple (but specific) destination devices

CompTIA Network+ (N10-008) (23 decks)

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