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Histology/Cell Biology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS

A
  • central nervous system
  • brain and spinal cord
  • receives sensory input from periphery
  • interprets info and sends output to periphery (motor response, secretion)
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2
Q

PNS

A
  • peripheral nervous system
  • everything outside CNS: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses in small intestine, sensory receptors in skin, etc.
  • separated into somatic and autonomic NS
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3
Q

somatic NS

A
  • conscious control

- contains afferents (sensory neurons) and efferents (motor neurons)

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4
Q

autonomic NS

A
  • unconscious control

- separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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5
Q

components of neurons

A
  • soma & nissl bodies
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • myelin (nodes of Ranvier)
  • synaptic end bulbs
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6
Q

properties of neurons

A
  1. neurons don’t generally divide

2. electrically excitable –> turns electrical signal into chemical signal

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7
Q

What do neurons synapse on?

A
  • other neurons
  • glands (release secretions)
  • muscle (contract)
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8
Q

multipolar neuron

A
  • cell body has numerous dendrites coming off it

- majority of neurons in brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

bipolar neuron

A
  • single dendrite coming off cell body one way and axon coming off on other side
  • found in special sensory organs
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10
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron

A
  • one process coming off cell body, then branches into peripheral (dendrites) and central (axon) processes
  • was bipolar during development
  • found in peripheral NS –> primary neurons of sensations
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11
Q

bundle of axons CNS vs. PNS

A
  • CNS: tract

- PNS: nerve

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12
Q

types of neuron axonal transport

A
  • anterograde
  • retrograde
  • fast vs. slow
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13
Q

anterograde transport

A
  • uses kinesin to transport material from cell body (- end) to end of axon (+ end)
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14
Q

retrograde transport

A
  • uses dynein to transport material from end of axon (+ end) to cell body (- end)
  • items brought back are recycled/degraded
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15
Q

fast vs. slow transport

A
  • smaller items (NT) –> fast

- bulkier items (cytoskeletal elements) –> slow

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16
Q

axon

A
  • signal leaves cell body and travels down this
  • sends nerve impulse
  • splits up into axon terminals with synaptic end bulbs
  • insulated by myelin
17
Q

myelin

A
  • speeds up conduction
  • present in nodes (nodes of Ranvier)
  • some neurons do not have myelin
18
Q

mechanism of chemical synapses

A
  • synaptic bulb contains lots of mitochondria –> very energy dependent process
  • vesicles containing NT migrate to synaptic bulb and fuse with PM
  • release NT into synaptic cleft
  • NT interacts with receptors on post-synaptic cell (located in junctional folds of muscle cells) –> excites or inhibits
19
Q

synaptic end bulbs

A
  • pre-synaptic terminal
  • contains lots of vesicles packaged with neurotransmitters
  • released into synaptic cleft to transmit chemical signal
20
Q

astrocytes

A
  • lots of projections in all directions
  • intermediate filaments made up of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
  • attached to both neurons and blood vessels –> contributes to blood brain barrier (provides protection to neurons)
  • metabolically support neurons
  • release neurotrophic factors to keep neurons healthy
  • can divide, not electrically excitable
  • brought out by GFAP stain
21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • myelinate axons in CNS

- can extend processes to multiple neurons

22
Q

microglial cells

A
  • gobble foreign invaders (immune function)
  • can turn into macrophages
  • brought out by silver stain
23
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • responsible for lining cavities with fluid filled spaces

- helps maintain and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

24
Q

ventricles (brain)

A
  • fluid filled cavities filled with CSF
  • areas lined with ependymal cells
  • have ciliary processes that extend into fluid
25
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • myelinates similarly to oligodendrocytes
  • some repairing of axon possible
  • create scaffolding to keep region of where axon was
26
Q

satellite cells

A
  • similar to astrocytes
  • surround pseudo-unipolar cells
  • provide protection and metabolic support
27
Q

myelination in CNS vs. PNS

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple segments of a single axon or multiple axons at once
PNS: Schwann cells can only myelinate one segment

28
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A
  • myelin not continuous –> in segments
  • much faster way of transmitting signal
  • MS affects oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • Guillain-Barre affects Schwann cells in PNS
  • stained by Osmic Acid stain
29
Q

white matter

A
  • myelinated and unmyelinated axons
  • lipid protein of myelin looks white
  • inner portions of brain
  • outer portions of spinal cord
30
Q

gray matter

A
  • primarily neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia
  • outer portions of brain
  • posterior and lateral horn of spinal cord
31
Q

organizational hierarchy (CT layers) of peripheral nerve

A
  • endoneurium: CT layer around individual nerve fibers (axons)
  • perineurium: CT layer around bundles of nerve fibers (fascicles)
  • epineurium: CT layer around bundles of fascicles of nerve fibers (nerves)
32
Q

ganglion

A
  • collection of cell bodies
    i. e. dorsal root ganglia –> collection of pseudo-unipolar cell bodies of somatic NS
  • surrounded by satellite cells that help support cell bodies
33
Q

organization of meninges

A
  • central CT
  • around brain and spinal cord
  • pia mater (innermost layer)
  • arachnoid mater (middle layer)
  • dura mater (outermost layer)
34
Q

Pia mater

A
  • follows grooves and contours of brain
  • major blood vessels also filled with CSF
  • subarachnoid hemorrhage would be above Pia mater in subarachnoid space
35
Q

sympathetic NS

A
  • “fight or flight”
36
Q

parasympathetic NS

A
  • “rest and digest”

Histology/Cell Biology (12 decks)

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