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Histology/Cell Biology > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What are differences between adult and embryonic/fetal skeleton/cartilage?

A
  • embryo and fetus have much more cartilage relative to bone

- eventually much of cartilage becomes replaced with bone

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2
Q

What are prominent places for cartilage?

A
  • anterior portions of ribs
  • intervertebral discs
  • surfaces of joints
  • nose
  • external ear
  • rings around trachea
  • epiglottis
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3
Q

What are three types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline cartilage = “glassy”
  • fibrocartilage = has additional products relative to hyaline
  • elastic cartilage = external ear, epiglottis
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4
Q

What don’t our skeletal systems remain made from cartilage?

A
  • bone is better suited to bearing weight

- need rigidity in skeletal system to hold us up

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5
Q

What is distinct about the boundary between bone and cartilage?

A
  • sharp boundary = cartilage and bone meet directly (no transition)
  • also know as tide mark
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6
Q

What are some recognizable characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • perichondrion on both sides of cartilage
  • no blood vessels within ECM –> “glassy” looking
  • isogenous groups = clusters of chondrocytes that come from the same progenitor
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7
Q

What is apositional growth of cartilage?

A
  • cells from perichondron (dense irreg CT) can differentiate into chondrocytes
  • first form chondroblasts and then turn into chondrocytes once within cartilage ECM
  • gives rise to new cartilage
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8
Q

How does hyaline cartilage receive nutrients?

A
  • diffusion from perichondrion on either side of tissue
  • matrix is permeable even though dense and stiff
  • flow is in both directions (take in nutrients and remove waste)
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9
Q

Within hyaline cartilage, cells sit in lacunae. What affect do cells have on the ECM proximal to them?

A
  • matrix right next to cells stains different than matrix further away from cells
  • capsule (misnomer) –> matrix of slightly different composition
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10
Q

What is ground substance of hyaline cartilage made of?

A
  • type II collagen fibers (much finer than type I collagen, organized paracrystalline)
  • proteoglycan aggregates using hyaluronan (used as nucleating polymer)
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11
Q

proteoglycan aggregate

A
  • many GAG’s attached by covalent bond to core protein (O-glycosidic bond) –> aggrecan
  • aggrecan monomers are noncovalently bound to hyaluronan (facilitated by linking proteins)
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12
Q

chondrocytes and damage

A
  • good at restoring matrix that is lost (replacing proteoglycans, collagen II, etc.)
  • bad at healing traumatic injuries
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13
Q

What are some recognizable characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A
  • has everything that hyaline cartilage has plus type I collagen
  • doesn’t have perichondrion (attached straight to bone, bone is very vascularized)
  • i.e. vertebrae & intervertebral disks
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14
Q

What is a characteristic of a slide of vertebrae/intervertebral disk?

A
  • central portion of intervertebral disk lost (does not preserve well) –> deepest part is rich in proteoglycans
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15
Q

How would fibrocartilage look with trichrome stain?

A
  • type I cartilage stained bright green/blue

- cells arranged in isogenous groups (chondrocytes)

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16
Q

How do metal-containing stains help distinguish elastic cartilage?

A
  • elastin heavily wrapped around lacunae (seen in interstitial matrix but not within perichondrion)
  • isogenous groups
  • may look like hyaline cartilage if not using special stain
17
Q

How do you determine if you are looking articulating surfaces between bones? (i.e. ossicles)

A
  • hyaline cartilage has no perichondron on outer surfaces because bathed in synovial fluid
  • bone has eosinophilic matrix
  • cartilage has highly glycosylated GAG’s
  • tide mark = where cartilage and bone directly meeting
18
Q

What can CAM grafting be used for?

A
  • research tool for limiting vasculature growth in tumors
19
Q

Why does soaking cartilage in saline solution allow vasculature to invade from bone to cartilage?

A
  • cartilage protein that prevents growth of blood vessels extractable by salt
  • proteins have been used in cancer treatment
20
Q

What is the organization of bone?

A

triple helix of type I collage –> collagen arranged in regular fashion with hydroxyapatite crystals –> type I collagen arranged in various patterns with osteoblasts

21
Q

Why are we limited to looking at cut section of bone or a ground section?

A
  • mineral of bone closely integrated with organic components of bone
  • in order to prepare slide of bone, tissue must be demineralized before being cut
  • when prepared ground piece of bone, organic components extracted
22
Q

Where do osteocytes exist within bone tissue?

A
  • occupy the lacunae
23
Q

What allows interactions between osteocytes in different lacunae?

A
  • dendritic extensions on osteocytes allow interactions as they move through canaliculi
24
Q

osteons

A
  • layers of collagenous and mineralized matrix, found in cylinders
  • collagen changes orientation from one layer to another
25
Q

What are the different layers that wrap around the exterior of bones?

A
  • inner/outer circumferential lamellae

- endosteum, periosteum

26
Q

Haversian canal

A
  • blood vessel that travels through osteon
27
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A
  • blood vessel that travels between Haversian canals
28
Q

interstitial lamellae

A
  • intercalates with osteons
29
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • come from monocytes from bone marrow
  • break down bone by secreting acids to break down mineral & proteolytic enzyme that breaks down collagen and other proteins
  • activated by calcitonin (produced by C cells of thyroid gland)
  • very large compared to other cells
  • make excavations called Howship’s lacunae
30
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • build bone

- activated by parathyroid hormone (produced by parathyroid gland)

31
Q

What does a microenvironmental region of low pH and lysosomal enzymes indicate?

A
  • bone being broken down

- active region of osteoclast

Histology/Cell Biology (12 decks)

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