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Module 3 Musculoskeletal system > Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Two body systems that work in parallel but independent of each other

A
  • Nervous system

- endocrine system

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2
Q

one part that overlaps

secretes hormones but part of the brain

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is comprised of nervous system

A

Nervous tissue

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4
Q

comprised of endocrine system

A

cells and glands that releases hormones

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5
Q

what is the response rate of nervous tissue

A

Precise and Fast

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6
Q

response rate of endocrine tissue

A

Slow and diffuse more

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7
Q

how long does the effects of nervous tissue last

A

brief

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8
Q

how long effects of endocrine tissue stay

A

long lasting

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9
Q

What is CNS

A

Central nervous system

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10
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A
  • CNS

- PNS

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11
Q

what is in the CNS

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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12
Q

in the PNS

A

all other nervous tissues

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13
Q

Nervous tissue if part of the 4 basic tissues

A

true

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14
Q

where does the NT arise from

A

Embryonic Ectoderm

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15
Q

is NT celullar

A

it is high in cellularity

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16
Q

does NT have intercellular substances

A

very little

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17
Q

Is NT mixed with extracellular material

A

it is DEVOID of ECM except for connective tissues and blood vessels

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18
Q

what is in thr PNS

A

mainly connective tissues

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19
Q

what is the composition of NT

A

-NEurons (nerve cells)
- Neurological cells
or known as glial cells

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20
Q

what are glial cells

A

supporting cells

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21
Q

what is the most functional unit of Nerve tissue

A

Neuron

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22
Q

what is the most morphological variable cell type in the body

A

Neuron

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23
Q

3 types of neurons

A
  • stellate
  • pyramidal
  • flask shaped neurons
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24
Q

where are stellate neurons found

A
  • spinal cord and motor nuclei. grey matter
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25
Q

where are pyramidal neurons found

A

cerebral cortex

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26
Q

where are the flask shaped cells (purkinje)

A

found in the middle layer of cerebellar cortex

tree like

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27
Q

irritability of neurons

A

abilityy to respond to stimuli

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28
Q

conductivity of neurons

A

ability to transmit stimuli

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29
Q

two processes of neuron cells

A
  • axon

- dendrite

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30
Q

What cannot regenarate in neurons

A

neurons cannot regenarate

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31
Q

what can regenerate in neurons

A

-axon
- dendrite
as long as cell body is intact

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32
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  • dendrites
  • nissil granules
  • axon hilock
  • axon
  • rodes of ranvier
  • myelin sheet
  • axon terminals
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33
Q

what is the name of neuron cell body

A

Perikaryon (basophilic)

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34
Q

what is in the perikaryon

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasmic organelles
  • inclusions
  • neurofibrils in the cytoplasm
  • cytoplasm
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35
Q

this is the large spherical or ovoid shaped located centrally of the neuron

A

nucleus

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36
Q

this has finely dispersed chromatin that actively synthesizes proteins

A

nucleus

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37
Q

Lm preparations of
Nucleolus
Nucleus

A
  • deep staining

- pale

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38
Q

what are the cytoplasmic organells

A
  • RER
  • Nissl bodies
  • SER
  • Golgi A
  • Mitochondria
  • Centrosome
  • Lysosomes
  • Perixosome
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39
Q

This organlle recycle proteins and protects from foreign bodies

A

Lysosomes

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40
Q

this organells is found in the axon endings

powerhouse

A

mitochondria

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41
Q

this organelle distributes protein throughout the cell

A

SER

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42
Q

site of protein synthesis and metabolic processes

A

Golgi apparatus

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43
Q

This organelle prevents degradation of the neuron

A

Peroxisomes

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44
Q

organelle present in dendrites and none in axon

basophilic

A

Nissl Bodies

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45
Q

organelle with basohphilic parts known as nissl bodies

A

RER

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46
Q

this is fat droplets that represents energy reserves for neurons

A

inclusions

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47
Q

residuals that are from the result of lysososamal activity

A

lipofuscin granules

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48
Q

melanin found in cells of spinal and sympathetic ganglia, substanstia nigra
iron: neurons in globus

A

pigmented granules

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49
Q

this is present in all nerons. extends to axons and dendrites
formed by 3 types

A

cytoskeleton

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50
Q

3 types that form the cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • neurofilaments
  • microtubules
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51
Q

type of cytoskeleton that is the largest, transports organelles and provides support

A

Microtubules

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52
Q

type of cytoskeleton that is the thinnest and has F–actin

A

microtubules

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53
Q

type of cytoskeleton that is also known as intermediate filament, is abundant in axons
and supprts the cells

A

NeuroFILAMENTS

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54
Q

this transports impulses away

A

Axon

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55
Q

how many axons are there per neuron

A

1 one

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56
Q

where does the axon arise from

A

axon hilock

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57
Q

shape of axons?

A

long and slender

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58
Q

what is the longest axon in the body

A

Sciatic nerve

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59
Q

what are the parts found in the axon

A
  • SER
  • mitochondira
  • neurofibrils
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60
Q

two parts of axons

A
  • axoplasm

- axolemma

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61
Q

small round swelling that acts as site of synapses

A
  • bouton or terminals
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62
Q

bouton with swelling at the end

A

Bouton TERMINAUX

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63
Q

bouton swelling along the course

A

bouton EN PASSANT

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64
Q

two movements of axonal transport

A
  • anterograde

- retrograde

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65
Q

this is Perikaryon to Axon

A

Anterograde

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66
Q

Axon to perikaryon

A

Retrograde

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67
Q

found in anterograde

a microtuble that uses atp

A

Kinesin

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68
Q

found in retrograde

mictrotuble associated with protein

A

dynein

69
Q

coverings in Axons in PNS

A
  • Neurilemmal sheath (PNS)

- Myelin sheeth

70
Q

covers the neurons in the PNS

A
  • Neurilemmal sheath

- myelin sheaths

71
Q

what are sheaths of schwann made of

A

Schwann cells

72
Q

these are flat cells with flat nuclei, covers axon.

A

Sheaths of Schwann

73
Q

formed by Schwann cell plasmalema spiraled around, refractile

A

Myelin sheaths

74
Q

this is the gaps between myelin sheaths, axon is partiall uncovered.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

75
Q

envelops schwann cells and present in both kinds of myelinated axons

A

Basal lamina

76
Q

What is the counterart of Schwann cells in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

77
Q

What sheaths are present in CNS

A

Myelin and Neurilemmal sheath

78
Q

what forms myelin of axons

A

oligodendrocytes

79
Q

where is the amount of cytoplasm less? CNS or PNS

A

CNS

80
Q

what composes nerve fibers

A

Axon + coverings

81
Q

where does impluse travel faster?

A

Mylinated sheath

82
Q

transmits impulse towards the body

A

Dendrites

83
Q

what is the most receptive surface of the nueron

A

Dendrites

84
Q

parts in the denrites

A
  • mito
  • nissl
  • neurofibrils
85
Q

diferent classifcation of process

A
  • unipolar
    • pseudo unipolar
    • bipolar
  • multi polar
86
Q

most common type of process

1 axon = *** dendrites

A

Multipolar

87
Q

single process that breaks into branches

A

Pseudounipolar

88
Q

typically seen in vesibular, cocblear and ganglia. axon = 1 dendrite

A

Bipolar

89
Q

process functions

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • interneurons
90
Q

transmits impluse from CNS to effector

A

Motor Efferent

91
Q

integrate, process, store, analyze, stimulis for appropriate response

A

Interneurons

92
Q

receives stimuli and transmit to CNS

A

Sensory Afferent

93
Q

this is the point of contact between neurons and cell.

site of transmission

A

Synapse

94
Q

types of synapse

A
  • electrical

- chemical

95
Q

this is tha rare type of synapse. found in the brain for cell to cell communication
made up of gap junctions

A

Electrical synapse

96
Q

this synapse uses neurotransmitters, that diffuse at post synaptic sites

A

Chemical Synapse

97
Q

where is the electrical synapse present or be seen

A

brain, cerebral cortex and retina of the eyye

98
Q

Components of the synapse

A
  • axon terminal
  • presynaptic membrane
  • synaptic cleft
  • post synaptic membrane
99
Q

part of the presynaptic neuron, has mito, nfibrils, lysosomes

A

Axon terminals

100
Q

chemical substance used to transmit neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

101
Q

6 types of neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Catecholamines
  • Serotonin
  • Amino acid y
  • Nitric Acid
  • small peptides
102
Q

type of NeuroT. for gaba, glycin, glutamate and aspartate.

mostly in the CNS

A

Amino acid Y

103
Q

type of NeuroT. hypothalamic releasing hormones

enkaphalin, vasoactive, intestinal peptide

A

Small peptides

104
Q

type of NeuroT. is for serotonergenic neruons

A

Serotonin

105
Q

type of NeuroT. that is a gas that also functions as neurotransmitter

A

Nitric oxide

106
Q

type of NeuroT. that’s between axon and striated muscles. serves the ANS
used by choligernic N.

A

Acetylcholine

107
Q

type of NeuroT. that releases epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
chemical substance: Catecholaminergic neuron

A

Catecholamines

108
Q

occuring between neurons

A
  • axodendritic
  • axosomatic
  • axoaxonic
109
Q

axoaxonic

A

Axon to axon

110
Q

axosomatic

A

axon to cell body

111
Q

rare types

A

Dendrodendritic, Somatodendritic,
somatosomatic, somatoaxonic,
dendroaxonic, and axoaxodendritic

112
Q

these cells are smaller than neurons, but greater in number and theyy protect neurosn

A

Glial Cells or Neuroglial cells

113
Q

Glial Cells in the CNS

A
  • Macroglia
    a. Astrocystes
    b. oligodendrocytes
  • Macroglia
  • Ependymal Cells
114
Q

Tyypes of Macroglia cells

A
  • Astrocytes

- oligodendrocytes

115
Q 
Largest glial cells that are star shaped, 
involved in: 
metabolic process
covers bare areas
regulate potassium
A
  • Astrocytes
116
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A
  • Protoplasmic- greyshort

- Fibrous- long white

117
Q

glial cell that are smaller than astrocytes, forms myelin sheaths in cns

A

Oligodendrocytes

118
Q

Smaller than Macorglia,
scattred all over CNS
scanty
anitgen presenting cells

A

Microglia

119
Q

This forms the secretory epithelial lininng of choroid plexus.
cuboidal and short cilia aiding in CSF

A

Ependymal cells

120
Q

what is in the PNS instead of glial cells

A

Schwann cells

121
Q

what does schwann cells form

A

Neurolimal and Myelin sheets

122
Q

Counterpart of Astrocytes in PNS
surrounds neurons
mantle cells; amphycytes
provide support to cells

A

Satellite Cells

123
Q

this sytem is complex but highly integrated.
- receives, stores, process and send out info.
has CNS and PNS

A

Nervous system

124
Q

Anatomic divisions of Nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

125
Q

this system is very fragile, soft like jelly.

made up of Meninges

A

CNS

126
Q

Connective tissue that envelop the brain.

has 3 parts

A

Meninges

127
Q

3 parts of meninges

A
  • Dura matter
  • Arachnoid M.
  • Pia mater
128
Q

what are pia mater and arachnoid called collectively

A

LEptomeninges or pia arachnoid

129
Q

this part if firm, dense irregular tissues and has 3 parts in the meninges

A

Dura mater

130
Q

4 surfaces of the Dura mater

A
  • outer surface
  • inner surface
  • subdural space
  • Epidural Space
131
Q

Meningeal dura

lined by simple Squa Ep.

A

Inner surface

132
Q

space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane.

has fluid called CSF

A

Subdural Space

133
Q

synonymous to postcranial bones
adhres to inner cranium
“Periosteal Dura”

A

Outer surface

134
Q

blood gathered in this space when there is head trauma

to which created pressure

A

Subdural Hematoma

135
Q

space between dura and bony wall of vertebral wall

site for drug inroduction

A

Epidural space

epidural anaesthesia

136
Q

flat sheet thinner than dura mater

A

arachnoid membrane

137
Q

connects the pia mater to arachnoid

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

138
Q

a space in the arachnoid where connective tissues are present

A

subarachnoid space

139
Q

very vascular, close to the brain. covers entire brain

A

Pia mater

140
Q

slightly clear fluid in the brain, in the subarachnoid space

ACTS AS WATER CUCHION

A

Csf

141
Q

this drains the CSF into venous system

A

Arachnoid Vili

142
Q

Chief source of CSF

A

Choroid plexus

143
Q

located at the roof of 3rd and 4th ventricle of the brain

have small blood vessels.

A

Choroid plexus

144
Q

forms tight junctions so blood wont become CSF

A

Ependyma of the choroid plexuses

145
Q

gross coloration of cns

A

gray matter

white matter

146
Q

contains dendrites and proximal portions of axon.

color gray

A

Grey matter

147
Q

where is gray mater located in the brain and spina

A

brain: peripheral area
spinal: central

148
Q

two types of Golgi found in the Gray matter

A

Golgi I - long, leaves

Golgi II- short, stays

149
Q

no nerve cell bodies, have glial cells and myelinated cells

A

White mater

150
Q

what makes white mater white

A

Myelinated sheaths

151
Q

where is white mater located in brain and spinal

A

Brain: Central
Spinal: peripheral

152
Q

leminisci

A

flattened tract

153
Q

funiculi

A

round thick tract

154
Q

relays all nerve impluse from the CNS to the body

A

PNS

155
Q

collection of cell bodies and neurons that have common funtion in PNS

A

Ganglia

156
Q

counterpart of Nucles in CNS

A

Ganglia

157
Q

counterpart of tracts from cns

A

Nerves

158
Q

collection of fibers that are called bundles or fascicles

A

Nerves

159
Q

this keep fascicles together

A

Epineurium

160
Q

connective tissue are enveloped by this tissue

A

perineurium

161
Q

in each fascicle it is covered by

A

Endoneurium

162
Q

12 nerves cranial nerves

A

Cranial nerves

163
Q

31 pairs. found in the spinal

A

Spinal nerves

164
Q

cranial nerve that is a tract

A

CNII

165
Q

have axons, transmits impulses to the CNS

A

Afferent

166
Q

transmits impluses to the effector or motor

A

Efferent nerves

167
Q

functional divisions of nervous system

A

Anatomically - CNS & PNS

Functionally- SNS & ANS

168
Q

functionally parts of Nervous system

A

SNS

ANS

Module 3 Musculoskeletal system (4 decks)

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