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Biology 12 > Nervous System Test > Flashcards

Nervous System Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

To control all the actions of other organs, cells, tissues, and systems. This works towards the goal of homeostasis.

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2
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Usually numerous and receive impulses from sensory receptors or other neurons passing the impulse to the body cell.

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3
Q

What is the axon?

A

Usually singular; carry impulses away from cell body to other neurons or effectors.

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4
Q

What is the cell body/soma?

A

Where the organelles are. Contains the nucleus; controls cellular activities and undergoes cellular process.

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5
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axon and helps speed up message transmission.

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6
Q

What is a schwann cell?

A

A type of glial cell which produces the myelin sheath

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7
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath which allows the impulse to jump from node to node thereby speeding up the transmission of the message.

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8
Q

What is the end brush?

A

The branches off of the axon, allows information to be dispersed to several axons.

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9
Q

What is the terminal button/synaptic bulb?

A

Releases chemicals into the space between neurons when the neuron is fired to pass on the impulse.

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10
Q

What is a sensory neuron? What does it do?

A
  • Sensory neurons respond to input from receptors in sensory organs
  • They transmit this information to the central nervous system.
  • Also called afferent neurons.
  • Located in the peripheral nervous system.
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11
Q

What is a motor neuron? What does it do?

A
  • Motor neurons receive information from the central nervous system
  • Send signals to effectors (muscles or glands) to initiate a response.
  • Also called efferent neurons.
  • Located in the peripheral nervous system and in the spinal cord.
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12
Q

What is an interneuron? What does it do?

A
  • Interneurons connect the sensory neurons and motor neurons.
  • These neurons are found only in the brain and spinal cord.
  • Located in the central nervous system.
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13
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Non-conducting cells of the nervous system

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14
Q

What are the main functions of glial cells?

A
  • Structural support
  • To supply nutrients and oxygen
  • To insulate neurons
  • To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.
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15
Q

What are some examples of glial cells?

A

Schwann - produce the myelin sheath within the peripheral nervous system
Oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheaths within the brain and spinal cord
Microglia - structural support and immune protection
Astrocytes - structural support, remove excess ions and neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What is the central NS comprised of?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

What is the PNS broken into?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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18
Q

What is the somatic branch responsible for?

A
  • Nerves leading to the skeletal muscles
  • Contains sensory and motor neurons
  • Controls reflexes
    -VOLUNTARY
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19
Q

What is the autonomic branch responsible for?

A
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Consists of motor nerves from the CNS to heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands
  • AUTOMATIC (not under conscious control)
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20
Q

What is parasympathetic?

A

Conserves energy, slows everything down, promotes non-emergency functions.

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21
Q

What is sympathetic?

A

“fight or flight”, stress, speeds up everything except digestion

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22
Q

In the spinal cord, what is found in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Sensory neuron cell bodies.

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23
Q

In the spinal cord, what is found in the ventral root ganglion?

A

Motor neuron cell bodies.

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24
Q

How would you describe the spinal cord?

A
  • Extends down from the brainstem
  • Communicates directly with 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves
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25
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An involuntary or unconscious response to stimuli (somatic control)

26
Q

What are the two parts of a reflex response?

A
  • Initial response: sensory receptors detect the stimulus, the impulse gets carried to spinal cord and eventually reaches the muscle. Acetycholine stimulates the muscle to make the muscle contract and the reflex to occur.
  • Secondary response: the impulse reaches the interneruons in the spinal cord and some go to the brain. The brain can detect the stimulus as painful and results in a delayed ouch.
27
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A simple nerve pathaway that a nerve impulse takes during a reflex. These reflexes are determined by a fixed pathway.

28
Q

What is the brain stem?

A
  • Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum
  • Controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep, etc.
29
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A
  • Helps regulate breathing, heart rhythms, blood pressure and swallowing
  • This is where your cardiovascular and respiratory systems link together
  • Transmits signals between the spinal cord and higher brain parts
30
Q

What does the pons do?

A
  • Coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance with the use of several of your cranial nerves
31
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  • Maintains balance, movement coordination, motor control, processing language and mood.
    “Small brain”
32
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A
  • Light perception and visual processing
  • Eyes in the back of your head
33
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A
  • Thinking, decision making, memory, language, social skills, voluntary movements
  • Largest lobe
34
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A
  • Processes sensations, like temperature, pain, vibration, and pressure
  • Is how we know where things are in relation to ourselves
  • Helps with learning and big picture perception
35
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A
  • Speech perception, speech production, hearing, daily memory
  • Crucial for recognizing language and objects
36
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  • Main link between endocrine system; is responsible for help with maintaining homeostasis.
  • Produces hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) that get stored in the posterior of the pituitary gland
  • Controls hunger, thirst, body temp, mood, sleep, sense of fullness
37
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A
  • Produces hormones
  • Regulates growth and reproductive development
38
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A
  • Relays sensory info, motor info, prioritizes attention, consciousness, thinking & memory
39
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A
  • Controls fear and anxiety, aggression, learning through rewards and punishment, emotions connected to memories, interpreting intentions, etc.
40
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A
  • Relays messages to and from the brain
  • Deals with voluntary movements and directs autonomic functions like breathing.
  • Coordinates reflexes
41
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A
  • Connects the left and right brain so they can send signals
  • Aids in complex information being processed because both sides of the brain are needed
42
Q

What is the membrane permeable to at resting potential?

A

Potassium

43
Q

How is action potential achieved?

A

Stimulus makes sodium gates open, potassium gates close, leading to a more positive charge inside the cell than outside.

44
Q

How is an electrical potential maintained and created?

A

The different ions create the electrical potential, and the sodium-potassium pump keeps the ions gradients consistent, therefore maintaining the electrical potential.

45
Q

Polarization (resting potential)

A

-70 mV
Sodium gates shut
3 Na out, 2 K in
Ready for message

46
Q

Depolarization (action potential)

A

+40 mV
K channels close
Na channels open
Stimulus causes this
Neuron is conducting a message

47
Q

Repolarization

A

Going back to -70 mV
Na channels close

48
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Lots of K channels open
Causes eflux of potassium making cell more negative than normal
Around -80 mV

49
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A
  • Decreases the likelihood of an action potential
  • Bonds to chloride or potassium ligand gated channels
  • Hyperpolarization
  • Prevents the continuation of an impulse
50
Q

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A
  • Promotes/generates in action potential in the postsynaptic cell
  • Bonds to sodium ligand gated channels
51
Q

What makes the vesicles move?

A

Voltage gated calcium channels let calcium ions into the presynaptic bulb. This change makes the vesicle move to the presynaptic membrane and expel their contents.

52
Q

What effect do neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic membranes?

A
  • Can either end an impulse or keep it going
  • Lets different ions flow in and out, making different charges inside or outside
53
Q

What is a polysynaptic reflex?

A

Involves many synapses

54
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

One synapse between motor and sensory neuron

55
Q

What characterizes meningitis?

A
  • An inflammation of the protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord (meninges). Causes by either bacterial, viral, fungal pathogen.
  • Sudden high fever, stiff neck, severe headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion or trouble concentrating, possible seizures and/or sleepiness
    -IV antibiotics would be administered if the cause is bacterial. Steroid medication may be given to help reduce swelling and oxygen may be needed.
56
Q

What characterizes multiple sclerosis?

A
  • The immune system attacks the protective covering called myelin. This causes breakages in communication and messages are broken between the brain and spinal cord.
    -A series of symptoms ranging from fatigue and weakness, vision problems, numbness and tingling, mobility problems including gait, stiffness of muscles, pain, depression and anxiety.
  • Steroids and Beta interferon medicines along with other treatments can help to control and ease the symptoms.
57
Q

What characterizes Parkinsons?

A
  • The gradual loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra region of the brain.
  • Unintended or uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Motor function decline is inevitable, typical cognitive decline also occurs.
  • Levodopa is used to make dopamine so it helps to replenish the depleted supply of dopamine.
58
Q

What characterizes Alzheimers?

A
  • Neurons die off as a result of a build up of Tau proteins and Amyloid Beta plaques. This build up of proteins results in brain atrophy and shrinkage.
  • Slow, progressive deterioration of memory and thinking skills. A series of symptoms including periods of confusion, withdrawal, aggression and isolation. Loss of memory leads to forgetting even the most basic life skills.
  • Specific drugs known as cholinesterase inhibitors help to reduce or control some of the behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Cholinesterase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine which is a neurotransmitter important for memory and thinking.
59
Q

What characterizes epilepsy?

A
  • A chronic neurological disorder characterized by an overload of electrical signalling through the brain. These storms of electricity very often result in seizures of varying severities.
  • Uncontrollable jerking and shaking, blank stare into space, strange sensations of smell or taste, tinglings of arms and/or legs, possible loss of consciousness
  • Restricted diet and appropriate/quality sleep. Anti-seizure drugs, insertion of an electrical device in the body to help prevent electrical storms, surgery
60
Q

Is grey matter mylenated or unmylenated?

A

Unmylenated axons

61
Q

Is white matter mylenated or unmylenated?

A

Mylenated axons

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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