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Biology 12 > DNA Structure/Replication Quiz > Flashcards

DNA Structure/Replication Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

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2
Q

What is the full name for DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What does DNA do?

A
  • It is found in all living material and contains the genetic material
  • It directs and controls the cellular functions
  • It is the only molecule capable of making an exact copy of itself
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4
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus

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5
Q

What are histones?

A

Histones are proteins that DNA wraparound to form nucleosomes. These proteins help with the packaging of chromosomes (in eukaryotic cells).

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6
Q

How is a nucleosome formed?

A

DNA wraps around a set of 8 histones twice to form a nucleosome. These help the DNA fit inside the nucleus.

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7
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

Nucleosomes that are packed into coiled fibers, found in the nucleus.

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8
Q

How are chromosomes formed?

A

Chromatin fibers condensing at the time of reproduction.

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9
Q

What is the DNA backbone made of?

A

Phosphates and deoxyribose sugars.

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10
Q

What is the distance between each pair of bases?

A

0.34 nm

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11
Q

How often does DNA make a full twist? How many base pairs is this?

A

Every 3.4nm, 10 base pairs.

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12
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?How do they pair? How many nitrogen bonds between them?

A

Guanine and Cytosine (3 bonds)
Adenine and Thymine (2 bonds)

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13
Q

How far apart are the two sides of DNA?

A

2nm (the diameter of DNA)

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14
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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15
Q

What are nucleotides comprised of?

A

A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base.

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16
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A

Made up a single nitrogen ring (Cytosine and Thymine)

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17
Q

What is a purine?

A

Made up of double nitrogen rings (Adenine and Guanine)

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18
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Something made up of repeating units. DNA is a polymer because it is made up of nucleotides.

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19
Q

Is the sugar end 3’ or 5’?

A

3’

20
Q

Is the phosphate end 3’ or 5’?

A

5’

21
Q

If one strand is 5’——-3’, then what is the opposite strand?

A

3’——-5’, because DNA is antiparallel.

22
Q

What does antiparallel mean?

A

The strands go in opposite directions.

23
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

A

Synthesis

24
Q

What did Stahl and Meselson do for DNA replication?

A

They demonstrated that the DNA was semi-conservative.

25
Q

What does semi-conservative mean?

A

The process results in two strands, each with one half of the DNA strand being “old” and half is “new”.

26
Q

What does gyrase do?

A

Relieves tension.

27
Q

What does helicase do?

A

It attaches to the origin of replication and separates the double stranded DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.

28
Q

What does SSBP do?

A

It binds to the single strands of DNA to prevent the two sides from rejoining.

29
Q

What does anneal mean?

A

Connecting/joining

30
Q

What does primase do?

A

Primase places RNA primers to indicate to DNA polymerase III where to join nucleotides.

31
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do?

A

Polymerase III joins free floating nucleotides to the parent strand according the Chargraff’s rule.

32
Q

In RNA, which nitrogen base does uracil replace?

A

Thymine (think gold)

33
Q

What does DNA polymerase I do?

A

Removes the RNA primers and fills them in with the correct base pairs.

34
Q

What does ligase do?

A

Ligase connects the gaps between the Okazaki fragments and the nucleotide segments by creating phosphodiester bonds.

35
Q

What is a replication bubble?

A

The opened up area created by helicase.

36
Q

How long can RNA primers be?

A

Anywhere from 10-60 nucleotides long.

37
Q

In which direction can DNA polymerase III exclusively work?

A

5’ to 3’

38
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

The strand that is able to be synthesized continuously.

39
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

The strand synthesized discontinuously in the short segments called Okazaki fragments.

40
Q

What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose sugar.

41
Q

What bonds to the first carbon on sugar?

A

A nitrogen base.

42
Q

What is the name of the bond between the sugar and the nitrogen base?

A

A glycosol bond.

43
Q

Where is the phosphate attached to the sugar?

A

The fifth carbon.

44
Q

What type of bond is located between the sugar and phosphate?

A

Phosphodiester bond.

45
Q

In DNA, what is found at the 2nd carbon?

A

H (hydrogen)

46
Q
A

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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