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Biology 12 > Endocrine Test > Flashcards

Endocrine Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a steroid hormone?

A
  • Hormones made from cholesterol
  • Slower in the effect they have on the body
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2
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A
  • They are lipid soluble and are able to diffuse directly across the plasma membrane of the target cell
  • Inside, they bind with a receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Then this moves to the nucleus
  • From here, this complex interacts with a specific region of the cell’s DNA to start transcription of mRNA.
  • This results in proteins that carry out the hormones message
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3
Q

What are protein hormones?

A
  • Hormones that are made from chains of amino acids
  • Generally produces a quicker response in the body
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4
Q

Which type of hormone requires a second messenger? What is it called?

A
  • Protein
  • cAMP (cyclic AMP)
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5
Q

How do protein hormones work?

A

-They are not lipid soluble so they bind to protein receptors outside the cell membrane
-A second messenger receives this signal and starts a cascade of enzyme reactions until the desired response is reached.

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6
Q

What could the effects of a protein hormone be?

A
  • The activation of a gene
  • A change in the membrane permeability
  • A change in cell metabolism
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7
Q

Which hormone type binds to a protein receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus?

A

Steroid

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8
Q

Which hormone type is made from cholestrol?

A

Steroid

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9
Q

Which hormone type is water soluble?

A

Protein

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10
Q

Which hormone type passes through the phospholipid bilayer of its target cell?

A

Steroid

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11
Q

Which hormone type requires cyclic AMP?

A

Protein

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12
Q

Which hormone type’s hormone complex moves into the nucleus?

A

Steroid

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13
Q

Which hormone type requires a receptor to cause a response?

A

Both

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14
Q

For which hormone type does the strand of mRNA leave the nucleus and continue the process of protein synthesis at the ribosome?

A

Both

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15
Q

For which protein type is the gene on the DNA activated to begin transcription?

A

Both

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16
Q

Which protein type has a faster release and effect on a cell?

A

Protein

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17
Q

Which hormone binds to the receptor protein on the plasma membrane of target tissue?

A

Protein

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18
Q

Which hormone type is lipid soluble?

A

Steroid

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19
Q

Which hormone type causes a series of reaction to occur in the membrane?

A

Protein

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20
Q

Which hormone type causes a reaction in the target cell?

A

Both

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21
Q

Which hormone is released slower and has a slower effect?

A

Steroid

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22
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

A

Blood vessels

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23
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary?

A

Neurosecretory cells

24
Q

How does the connection between the anterior lobe and the hypothalamus work?

A
  • “Releasing” or “inhibiting” factors are sent through blood vessels from the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe.
  • These factors either stimulate or stop the production of hormones from the anterior pituitary
25
Q

How does the connection between the posterior lobe and the hypothalamus work?

A
  • Specialized neurosecretory cells send hormones to the posterior pituitary for storage
  • Then, they send electrochemical signals to release them as necessary
26
Q

How does the body achieve homeostasis?`

A
  • Must constantly monitor body conditions
  • Provide feedback changes in the internal and external environment act as a stimuli that is detected and responded to.
27
Q

What are the three components of a feedback control system?

A
  • Monitor
  • Coordinating center
  • Regulator
28
Q

What is an example of a monitor?

A

Specialized receptors in glands or brain

29
Q

What is an example of a coordinating center?

A

Brain or endocrine glands

30
Q

What is an example of a regulator?

A

Organs, hormones, neurotransmitters

31
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A
  • The mechanism used by the body to bring the body BACK to within an acceptable range
  • Designed to resist change
  • Achieves and maintains homeostasis
32
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A
  • A mechanism designed to reinforce change and move the variable further away from homeostasis
  • Pushes things FURTHER AWAY from homeostasis, sometimes suggesting disease
33
Q

What is are some examples of negative feedback in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • During the luteal phase, when high levels of estrogen and progesterone signal to the hypothalamus to decrease secretions of GnRH which in turn signals to the anterior pituitary to decrease secretions of LH and FSH. Since a follicle has already developed and ovulation has already occurred the gonadotropic hormones are decreased during this phase.
  • Negative feedback also occurs at the very end of the cycle when levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. This drop in ovarian hormones sends a negative feedback message to the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH at the beginning of the cycle.
34
Q

What is the positive feedback in the menstrual cycle?

A

During the follicular phase as the developing follicle begins to secrete estrogen peaking around day 12. This peak in estrogen sends a positive feedback signal to the hypothalamus to secrete more GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase its secretions of LH and FSH.

35
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback?

A
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Regulation of blood glucose levels
36
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback?

A
  • Blood clotting
  • Giving birth
37
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

A

The pancreas, in the islets of Langerhans

38
Q

Which hormone is produced at the alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

39
Q

Which hormone is produced at the beta cells?

A

Insulin

40
Q

What are the key components to insulin?

A
  • Lowers blood sugar
  • Increases cells permeability to glucose
  • Gets glucose converted to glycogen in the liver and muscle cells
41
Q

What are the key components of glucagon?

A
  • Raises blood sugar
  • Decreases a cell’s permeability to glucose
  • Promotes the conversion of glycogen back to glucose
  • Causes the conversion of ATP to cAMP in the liver
42
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A chronic, incurable disease caused by insufficient production or use of insulin

43
Q

What is type 1 diabetes characterized by?

A
  • Occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin because of the early degeneration of the beta cells
    -Usually diagnosed in childhood
  • People with this type must take insulin to live
44
Q

What is type 2 diabetes characterized by?

A
  • Occurs when there is a decreased production of insulin or ineffective use of the insulin that the body does have.
  • Usually diagnosed in adulthood
  • Can be controlled with exercise, diet, and oral drugs to stimulate the Islets of Langerhans to produce again
45
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

A temporary condition which occurs during pregnancies.

46
Q

What are symptoms common to all types?

A
  • Low energy
  • Often thirsty
  • Acetone breath
  • Frequent urination to rid body of excess glucose
  • High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
47
Q

What are possible long term complications of diabetes?

A
  • Kidney failure
  • Blindness
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Amputation due to circulation problems
48
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Flow phase (days 1-5)
Follicular phase (days 6-13)
Ovulation (day 14)
Luteal phase (days 15-28)

49
Q

Which hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

LH and FSH

50
Q

What causes the endometrium to break down for flow phase?

A

A sharp decrease in progesterone and estrogen toward the end of the cycle causes the endometrium to break down and rupture its blood vessels.

51
Q

What happens in the first part of the follicular phase?

A
  • FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary, the follicle grows, matures, and secretes large amounts of estrogen.
52
Q

What happens in the latter part of the follicular phase?

A
  • The high levels of estrogen exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus briefly and cause large amounts of FSH and LH to be secreted.
  • Increased secretion of estrogen by the ovarian follicle causes the endometrium to double in thickness and increase in blood vessels.
  • The uterine glands become mature and secrete a thick mucus
53
Q

Which phase is extended if a cycle deviates from the typical 28 days?

A

Follicular

54
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

A spike in LH triggers it. The follicle bursts which releases the egg. It moves into the fallopian tube. This results in the yellow corpus luteum remaining in the ovary.

55
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A
  • LH causes the formation of the corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone
  • As hormone levels rise, less releasing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus and LH and FSH are no longer secreted.
  • When the corpus luteum degenerates, less estrogen and progesterone are secreted and menstruation begins

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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