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Kinesiology pta > Nervous system terms I had to look up or get further clarification on. > Flashcards

Nervous system terms I had to look up or get further clarification on. Flashcards

1
Q

UMN Lesion

A

tone: spasticity present
Atrophy: not significant
Fasciculations and fibrillations: not present
clonus: present
reflexes: hyperreflexia

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2
Q

clonus

A

is an abnormal reflex response that involves involuntary and rhythmic muscle contractions. It happens due to an upper motor neuron lesion.

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3
Q

LMN lesion

A

tone: flaccid
Atrophy: significant
fasciculations: present
Reflexes: hyporeflexia
Clonus: not present

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4
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Each interruption of myelin where a new depolarization has to occur is called this.

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5
Q

tract

A

myelinated fibers fibers organized into columns in the spinal cord. Ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.

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6
Q

locations of motor neurons

A

anterior horn of spinal cord and frontal lobe of brain.

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7
Q

Posterior tracts that are sensory are

A

proprioceptive, pressure and vibration.

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8
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

descend from motor cortex to the spinal cord. Cross at lower brain stem. synapse with motor nuclei in the anterior horn.

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9
Q

Neural arch (couldn’t remember this one from A&P)

A

The neural arch (often also called the “vertebral arch”) is the portion of the vertebra posterior to the body, formed by the pedicles and laminae, and it does give rise to the transverse and spinous processes. It encloses the vertebral foramen, through which the spinal cord passes.

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10
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

small openings formed by the inferior vertebral notch of one vertebra and the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below, where spinal nerves exit the CNS.

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11
Q

Layers of the meniges

A

Dura mater - thick outer layer
Arachnoid mater - middle thinner layer
Pia mater - tender inner layer

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12
Q

occipital lobe

A

sensory input for vision, including recognition of shape size and color

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13
Q

Parietal lobe

A

receives sensory information

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14
Q

temporal lobe

A

regulates behavior, hearing and language.

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15
Q

Thalamus

A

relay for sensation - perception of pain

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

hormone regulation and behavior

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17
Q

basal ganglia

A

coordination of movement

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18
Q

midbrain

A

controls visual reflexes

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19
Q

pons

A

relay connecting various nuclei to cerebellum

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20
Q

medulla oblongata

A

Ventilation and respiration, blood pressure and HR

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

muscle tone, coordination and posture.

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22
Q

cauda equina

A

spinal nerves L2 and below

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23
Q

conus medullaris

A

cone shape end of spinal cord. approx L2

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24
Q

PNS

A

unlike CNS is capable of regeneration after injury. - regeneration is slow and may not be complete.

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25
Q

Seddon - neuropraxia - sunderland - first degree

A

localized myelin damage

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26
Q

Seddon - axonotmesis - Sunderland - second degree

A

axon severed but endoneurium intact.

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27
Q

Seddon - axonotmesis - Sunderland -third degree

A

axon and endoneurium severed

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28
Q

Seddon - axonotmesis - Sunderland - fourth degree

A

Loss of continuity of all layers of peripheral nerve, except epineurium

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29
Q

Seddon - Neurotmesis - Sunderland Fifth degree

A

Complete disruption of entire nerve

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30
Q

Cervical nerves exit

A

above the cervical vertebrae to C8 which exits above T1. T1 exits below T1 and continues down through the sacrum

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31
Q

Dorsal ramus

A

posterior ramus- muscles and skin of the posterior trunk

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32
Q

ventral ramus

A

anterolateral trunk (the muscles and skin of the front and sides of the trunk) as well as the limbs (via the major nerve plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral).

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33
Q

White Ramus Communicans

A

Carries preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the spinal nerve to the sympathetic chain ganglion.

34
Q

Gray Ramus Communicans (unmyelinated)

A

Carries postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic chain ganglion back to the spinal nerve.

35
Q

Ventral rami becomes

A

intercostal nerves which innervate the muscles of the skin and anterior lateral trunk.

36
Q

Dermatomes

A

areas of the skin with muscle fibers

37
Q

myotomes

A

are all of the muscles that receive motor innervation from a specific spinal cord leval.

38
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 - neck

39
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-T1 - kneck and upper extremities

40
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S3

41
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

C2-C3

42
Q

C3-C4

A

Trapezius.

43
Q

Levator scapula

A

C3-C5

44
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

C3-C5

45
Q

Superior trunk of Brachial plexus

A

C5-C6 - Anterior and posterior cords

46
Q

Middle trunk of brachial plexus

A

C7- Anterior and posterior cords

47
Q

Inferior trunk of brachial plexus

A

C8, T1- Anterior and posterior cords

48
Q

Lateral cord of the brachial plexus

A

combination of anterior divisions of superior and middle trunk.

49
Q

Posterior cord of the brachial plexus

A

combination of posterior division of all three trunks

50
Q

Medial cord

A

a continuation of the inferior trunk anterior division.

51
Q

Five major nerves of the brachial plexes

A

Axillary,
musculocutaneous nerve,
radial nerve,
median nerve,
ulnar nerve.

52
Q

Axillary nerve

A

branch of the posterior cord

53
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

branch of lateral cord

54
Q

radial nerve

A

branch of posterior cord.

55
Q

median nerve

A

combination of lateral and medial cords

56
Q

ulnar nerve

A

continuation of medial cord.

57
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4

58
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L5-S3

59
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

Posterior div of L2-L4

60
Q

Obturator nerve

A

anterior of L2-L4

61
Q

Superior Gluteal nerve

A

Posterior of L4-S1

62
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Formed from division of L4-S3 - forms tibial and fibular nerves.

63
Q

Tibial nerve

A

Anterior divisions of L4-s3

64
Q

Common fibular nerve

A

posterior divisions of L4-S2

65
Q

muscle spindle

A

sensory receptors that respond to stretch.

66
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

stretch receptors in tendons

67
Q

Deep tendon reflex

A

stretching a muscle to elicit a contraction. example - tapping the quadriceps tendon between the patella and int’s insertion on the tibial tuberosity elicits knee extension.

68
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - degenerative motor disease of both upper and lower motor neurons.

69
Q

Duchenne Muscular dystrophy

A

weakness of proximal muscles followed by distal muscles. (often have oversized calve muscles that are weak.)

70
Q

Bell palsy

A

Injury to facial nerve (VII) typically affects one side of face

71
Q

scapular winging

A

sign of injury to the long thoracic nerve. serratus anterior muscle. rising of the medial border of the scapula away from the rib cage.

72
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

nerves of brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein or a combo are compressed in the thoracic outlet.

pain, sensory and motor loss and interference with blood flow.

73
Q

thoracic outlet

A

space between the clavicle, first rib and scalene muscles.

74
Q

Burners or Stingers

A

overstretch or compression of brachial plexus. \

Blow to head or shoulder.

weakness and muscle tenderness of kneck may continue for a few days.

75
Q

Erb Palsy

A

a traction injury to the upper portions of the brachial plexus. birth injury. affected arm has weakness

76
Q

Saturday night palsy

A

radial nerve. compressed as it spirals around the mid humerus

weakness or paralysis of wrist and finger extensors.

77
Q

Sciatica

A

L4-S3 irritation of nerve roots. (herniated lumbar disc)

78
Q

Foot drop

A

injury to common fibular (peroneal) nerve. Pressure on the nerve by the head of the fibula. Weakness of dorsiflexion.

79
Q

Neuroma

A

mass of neurovascular tissue.

80
Q

Morton neuroma

A

compression of a neuroma in a confined space. Most often between third and fouth toes.

Pain and paresthesia.

Kinesiology pta (7 decks)

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