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Anatomy > Nervous system study guide > Flashcards

Nervous system study guide Flashcards

1
Q

translates to mean “tough or hard mother”

A

Dura mater

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2
Q

The most inferior part of the brain stem

A

Medulla Oblongata

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3
Q

The interbrain, sits atop the bran stem, and houses the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

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4
Q

three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures

A

meninges

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5
Q

The rounded structure in the brainstem posterior to the pituitary gland and superior to the medulla oblongata

A

pons

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6
Q

elevated ridges in the cerebral cortex

A

gyrus

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7
Q

making up the floor of the diencephalon, this is important in the autonomic nervous system regulating body temperature, water balance and metabolism

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

this deep meningeal layer clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord following every fold

A

Pia mater

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9
Q

the shallow groove that seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe in the cerebral cortex

A

central sulcus

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10
Q

Aphasia

A

Effects a persons ability to communicate due to head injury or stroke

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11
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

The middle, web-like layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Association neuron (inter)

A

Neuron that forms a connection between other neurons

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

a star-shaped glial cell of the central nervous system

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Influences the function of internal organs (heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, sexual arousal)

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15
Q

Brain stem

A

The extension of the spinal cord into the skull; consists of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons

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16
Q

Brocca’s area

A

is a region in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere with functions linked to speech production.

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17
Q

Central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. also involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses.

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19
Q

Cerebral edema

A

excess accumulation of fluid in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain caused by brain trauma or ischemic stroke, cancer, or brain inflammation due to meningitis or encephalitis.

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20
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

a clear, colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spine. It is produced in the choroid plexus of the brain.

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21
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply; stroke

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22
Q

Effector

A

An organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings

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23
Q

Endoneurium

A

A delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber in a nerve

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24
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Glial cells that line the cavities of the brain and the spinal cord; also circulates the CSF that fills the cavities providing a cushion around the CNS

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25
Q

Epineurium

A

Tough fibrous tissue that binds the fascicles together to form the cordlike nerve

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26
Q

Fissure

A

Less numerous, deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain

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27
Q

Ganglia

A

Small collections of cell bodies; found in a few sites outside the CNS in the PNS

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28
Q

Microglia

A

Spider like phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria

29
Q

Midbrain

A

A relatively small part of the brain stem, and extends from mammillary bodies to the pons inferiorly

30
Q

Motor neuron (efferent)

A

Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands; cell bodies are always found in CNS

31
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

endogenous chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another “target” neuron

32
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Glia that wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheath

33
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Allows us to “unwind” and conserve energy

34
Q

Perineurium

A

Coarser connective tissue wrapping and binding groups of fibers

35
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of nerves and scattered groups of neuronal cell bodies (ganglia) found outside the CNS

36
Q

Primary motor area (strip)

A

Control body areas: face, mouth, and hands; also allows us to move our skeletal muscles is anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe

37
Q

Receptor

A

A peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli

38
Q

Reticulating activating system

A

A special group of reticular formation. (a diffuse mass of grey matter) neurons

39
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Largest nerve in body; splits to common fibulae and tibial nerves

40
Q

Sensory neuron (afferent)

A

Consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body

41
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles

42
Q

Spinal cord

A

17 inches long, a glistening white continuation of the brain stem; two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain-major reflex center. Extends from the foremen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra

43
Q

Structures of a neuron

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon, node of ranvier, Schwann cells, myelin

44
Q

Dendrite

A

The branching extensions of neurons that carry electrical signals to the cell body; the receptive portion of a nerve cell

45
Q

Cell body

A

The matabolic center of the neuron

46
Q

Axon

A

Generates nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body

47
Q

Node of ranvier

A

gaps or indentations between the Schwann cells that encloses the axon

48
Q

Schwann cells

A

Specialized supporting cells that wrap themselves tightly around the axon jelly-roll fashion

49
Q

Myelin

A

Whitish, fatty material that covers long nerve fibers; protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses

50
Q

Sulcus (sulci)

A

Shallow grooves that separate the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres

51
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system; called fight or flight division

52
Q

Synapse

A

The region of communication between neurons

53
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities within the brain: Formed by enlarged central canal of the neural tube in four regions

54
Q

Visual sensory area

A

area which uses past visual experience to interpret visual stimuli

55
Q

Functions of the nervous system:

A

-allows us to perceive, comprehend, and respond to the world around us. The nervous system also operates the body’s essential functions, such as breathing and digestion.

56
Q

Cranial nerves:(12)

A 
I.olfactory 
II.optic
III.oculomotor
IV.trochlear
V.trigeminal
VI.abducens
VII.facial
VIII.vestibulocochlear
IX.glossopharyngeal
X.vagus
XI.accessory
XII.hypoglossal
57
Q

I.olfactory

A

Purely sensory; carries impulses for the sense of smell

58
Q

II.optic

A

Purely sensory; carries impulses for vision

59
Q

III.oculomotor

A

Supplies motor fibers to four of the six muscles that direct the eyeball; to the eyelid; and to the internal eye muscles controlling lens shape and pupil size

60
Q

IV. Trochlear

A

Supplies motor fibers for one external eye muscle

61
Q

V. Trigminal

A

Conducts sensory impulses from the skin to the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth; also contains motor fibers that activate the chewing muscles

62
Q

VI. Abducens

A

Supplies motor fibers to the lateral muscle, which rolls the eye laterally

63
Q

VII. Facial

A

Activates the muscle of facial expression and the lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of anterior tongue

64
Q

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

A

Purely sensory; vestibular branch transmits impulses for the sense of balance, and cochlear branch transmits impulses for the sense of hearing

65
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal

A

Supplies motor fibers to the throat that promote swallowing and saliva production; carries sensory impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and from pressure receptors of the caratoid artery

66
Q

X.vagus

A

Fibers carry sensory impulses from and motor impulses to the throat, larynx, and the abdominal and thoracic viscera; most motor fibers are parasympathetic

67
Q

XI. Accessory

A

Mostly motor fibers that activate the sternicleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

68
Q

XII. Hypoglossal

A

Motor fibers control tongue movements; sensory fibers carry impulses from the you

Anatomy (7 decks)

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