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Anatomy > muscular system exam > Flashcards

muscular system exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

what type(s) of muscle is considered involuntary?

A

cardiac, smooth

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3
Q

what type(s) of muscle have a banded appearance?

A

cardiac, skeletal

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4
Q

what type of muscle has longitudinally and circularly arranged layers?

A

smooth

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5
Q

what type of muscle has dense connective tissue packaging?

A

skeletal

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6
Q

what type of muscle has a figure-8 packaging of the cells?

A

cardiac

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7
Q

what type of muscle has coordinated activity to act as a pump?

A

cardiac

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8
Q

what type of muscle moves bones and the facial skin?

A

skeletal

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9
Q

what type of muscle is considered voluntary?

A

skeletal

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10
Q

what type of muscle is referred to as the muscular system?

A

skeletal

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11
Q

what are the functions of the muscular system?

A

maintain posture, movement, and generate heat

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12
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

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13
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue that encloses the entire muscle

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14
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile unit of muscle

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15
Q

fiber

A

a muscle cell

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16
Q

endomysium

A

thin connective tissue investing each muscle cell

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17
Q

myofibril

A

a long, filamentous organelle found within muscle cells that has a banded appearance

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18
Q

myofilament

A

action- or myosin- containing structure

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19
Q

fascicle

A

a discrete bundle of muscle cells

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20
Q

which region of the sarcomere shortens during contraction?

A

the dark bond

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21
Q

what is a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates call?

A

motor unit

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22
Q

what are the numerous endings of the axon of each motor neuron called?

A

axonal terminal

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23
Q

what is the actual gap between an axonal ending and the muscle cell called?

A

synaptic cleft

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24
Q

what is the neurotransmitter withing the small vesicles of the axonal endings?

A

acetylcholine

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25
Q

binding the neurotransmitters with muscle membrane receptors causes the membrane to become permeable to sodium, resulting in the influx of sodium ions and _____ of the membrane

A

deplorization

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26
Q

what is the first step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

A

acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction by the axonal terminal

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27
Q

what is the second step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

A

acetylcholine diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma

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28
Q

what is the third step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

A

depolarization occurs, and the action potential is generated

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29
Q

what is the fourth step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

A

the action potential, carried deep in the cell, causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions

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30
Q

what is the fifth step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

A

the calcium ion concentration at the myofilaments increases; the myofilaments slide past one another, and the cell shortens

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31
Q

what is the sixth step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

A

as calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases

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32
Q

what is the seventh step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

A

the muscle cell relaxes and lengthens

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33
Q

there is a greater concentration of sodium ______

A

outside the cell (rushes in)

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34
Q

there is a greater concentration of potassium _______

A

inside the cell (rushes out)

35
Q

what are the 3 ways that muscles replenish their ATP supplies?

A
  1. Coupled reaction of CP and ADP
  2. Aerobic resporation
  3. Anaerobic glycosis
36
Q

requires no energy, involves the simple transfer of a phosphate group, good for a sprint

A

Coupled reaction of CP and ADP

37
Q

accompanied by lactic acid formation, used when the oxygen supply is inadequate over time

A

anaerobic glycosis

38
Q

supplies the highest ATP yield per glucose molecule, the slowest ATP regeneration process, produces carbon dioxide and water

A

aerobic respiration

39
Q

how can you tell when you are paying the oxygen debt?

A

breathing deeply and rapidly

40
Q

what happens within a muscle cell during oxygen debt?

A

decreased ATP, increased lactic acid, decreased oxygen, increased carbon dioxide

41
Q

standing on your toes as in ballet is ______ of the foot

A

plantar flexion

42
Q

walking on your heels is ______

A

dorsiflexion

43
Q

when the proximal end is stationary and the distal moves in a circle it is ______

A

circumduction

44
Q

when you increase the angle of a limb it is called ______

A

extension

45
Q

decreasing the angle of a limb is called ______

A

flexion

46
Q

when holding soup you are in ______

A

supination

47
Q

when palm is facing down it is in _______

A

pronation

48
Q

movement of the limb towards the body midline

A

adduction

49
Q

movement of the limb moving away from the midline

A

abduction

50
Q

what is the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement?

A

prime mover

51
Q

what are the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement?

A

antagonists

52
Q

what do synergists do?

A

help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements

53
Q

used in smiling

A

zygomaticus

54
Q

used to suck in your cheecks

A

buccinator

55
Q

used in winking

A

oribicualris oculi

56
Q

used to form the horizontal frown crease on the forehead

A

frontalis

57
Q

the “kissing” muscle

A

orbicularis oris

58
Q

prime mover of jaw closure

A

masseter

59
Q

synergist muscle for jaw closure

A

temporalis

60
Q

prime mover for forehead flexion

A

sternocleidomastoid

61
Q

This muscle’s name means “straight muscle of the abdomen”

A

rectus abdominus

62
Q

prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction

A

pectoralis major

63
Q

prime mover for shoulder abduction

A

deltoid

64
Q

part of the abdominal girdle; forms the external lateral walls of the abdomen

A

external oblique

65
Q

acting alone, each muscle of this pair turns the head toward the opposite shoulder

A

sternocleidomastoid

66
Q

two muscle pairs that help form the natural abdominal girdle

A

internal and external oblique

67
Q

muscle that allows you to shrug your shoulders or extend your head

A

trapezius

68
Q

muscle that adducts the shoulder and causes extension of the shoulder joint

A

latissimus dorsi

69
Q

shoulder muscle that is the antagonist of the latissimus dorsi

A

deltoid

70
Q

large paired superficial muscle of the lower back

A

latissimus dorsi

71
Q

hip flexor

A

iliopsoas

72
Q

used to extend the hip when climbing

A

gluteus maximus

73
Q

“toe dancers” muscle

A

gastrocnemius

74
Q

inverts and dorsiflexes the foot

A

tibialis anterior

75
Q

muscle group that allows you to draw your legs to the midline of your body

A

adductors

76
Q

muscle group that extends the knee

A

quadriceps

77
Q

muscle group that extends the thigh and flexes the knee

A

hamstrings

78
Q

smaller hip muscle commonly used as an injection site

A

gluteus medius

79
Q

strap-like muscle that is a weak thigh flexor; the “tailor’s muscle”

A

sartorius

80
Q

like the two-bellied muscle that lies over it, this muscle is a plantar flexor

A

soleus

81
Q

wrist flexor that follows the ulna

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

82
Q

muscle that allow you to bend the elbow

A

biceps brachii

83
Q

muscle that extends the elbow

A

triceps brachii

84
Q

powerful shoulder adductor, used to raise the arm overhead

A

deltoid

Anatomy (7 decks)

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