muscular system exam

Question 1

what are the 3 types of muscles?

Answer 1

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 2

what type(s) of muscle is considered involuntary?

Answer 2

cardiac, smooth

Question 3

what type(s) of muscle have a banded appearance?

Answer 3

cardiac, skeletal

Question 4

what type of muscle has longitudinally and circularly arranged layers?

Answer 4

smooth

Question 5

what type of muscle has dense connective tissue packaging?

Answer 5

skeletal

Question 6

what type of muscle has a figure-8 packaging of the cells?

Answer 6

cardiac

Question 7

what type of muscle has coordinated activity to act as a pump?

Answer 7

cardiac

Question 8

what type of muscle moves bones and the facial skin?

Answer 8

skeletal

Question 9

what type of muscle is considered voluntary?

Answer 9

skeletal

Question 10

what type of muscle is referred to as the muscular system?

Answer 10

skeletal

Question 11

what are the functions of the muscular system?

Answer 11

maintain posture, movement, and generate heat

Question 12

sarcolemma

Answer 12

the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

Question 13

epimysium

Answer 13

connective tissue that encloses the entire muscle

Question 14

sarcomere

Answer 14

contractile unit of muscle

Question 15

fiber

Answer 15

a muscle cell

Question 16

endomysium

Answer 16

thin connective tissue investing each muscle cell

Question 17

myofibril

Answer 17

a long, filamentous organelle found within muscle cells that has a banded appearance

Question 18

myofilament

Answer 18

action- or myosin- containing structure

Question 19

fascicle

Answer 19

a discrete bundle of muscle cells

Question 20

which region of the sarcomere shortens during contraction?

Answer 20

the dark bond

Question 21

what is a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates call?

Answer 21

motor unit

Question 22

what are the numerous endings of the axon of each motor neuron called?

Answer 22

axonal terminal

Question 23

what is the actual gap between an axonal ending and the muscle cell called?

Answer 23

synaptic cleft

Question 24

what is the neurotransmitter withing the small vesicles of the axonal endings?

Answer 24

acetylcholine

Question 25

binding the neurotransmitters with muscle membrane receptors causes the membrane to become permeable to sodium, resulting in the influx of sodium ions and _____ of the membrane

Answer 25

deplorization

Question 26

what is the first step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

Answer 26

acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction by the axonal terminal

Question 27

what is the second step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

Answer 27

acetylcholine diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma

Question 28

what is the third step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

Answer 28

depolarization occurs, and the action potential is generated

Question 29

what is the fourth step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

Answer 29

the action potential, carried deep in the cell, causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions

Question 30

what is the fifth step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

Answer 30

the calcium ion concentration at the myofilaments increases; the myofilaments slide past one another, and the cell shortens

Question 31

what is the sixth step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

Answer 31

as calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases

Question 32

what is the seventh step of the muscle contraction mechanism?

Answer 32

the muscle cell relaxes and lengthens

Question 33

there is a greater concentration of sodium ______

Answer 33

outside the cell (rushes in)

Question 34

there is a greater concentration of potassium _______

Answer 34

inside the cell (rushes out)

Question 35

what are the 3 ways that muscles replenish their ATP supplies?

Answer 35

1. Coupled reaction of CP and ADP 2. Aerobic resporation 3. Anaerobic glycosis

Question 36

requires no energy, involves the simple transfer of a phosphate group, good for a sprint

Answer 36

Coupled reaction of CP and ADP

Question 37

accompanied by lactic acid formation, used when the oxygen supply is inadequate over time

Answer 37

anaerobic glycosis

Question 38

supplies the highest ATP yield per glucose molecule, the slowest ATP regeneration process, produces carbon dioxide and water

Answer 38

aerobic respiration

Question 39

how can you tell when you are paying the oxygen debt?

Answer 39

breathing deeply and rapidly

Question 40

what happens within a muscle cell during oxygen debt?

Answer 40

decreased ATP, increased lactic acid, decreased oxygen, increased carbon dioxide

Question 41

standing on your toes as in ballet is ______ of the foot

Answer 41

plantar flexion

Question 42

walking on your heels is ______

Answer 42

dorsiflexion

Question 43

when the proximal end is stationary and the distal moves in a circle it is ______

Answer 43

circumduction

Question 44

when you increase the angle of a limb it is called ______

Answer 44

extension

Question 45

decreasing the angle of a limb is called ______

Answer 45

flexion

Question 46

when holding soup you are in ______

Answer 46

supination

Question 47

when palm is facing down it is in _______

Answer 47

pronation

Question 48

movement of the limb towards the body midline

Answer 48

adduction

Question 49

movement of the limb moving away from the midline

Answer 49

abduction

Question 50

what is the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement?

Answer 50

prime mover

Question 51

what are the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement?

Answer 51

antagonists

Question 52

what do synergists do?

Answer 52

help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements

Question 53

used in smiling

Answer 53

zygomaticus

Question 54

used to suck in your cheecks

Answer 54

buccinator

Question 55

used in winking

Answer 55

oribicualris oculi

Question 56

used to form the horizontal frown crease on the forehead

Answer 56

frontalis

Question 57

the "kissing" muscle

Answer 57

orbicularis oris

Question 58

prime mover of jaw closure

Answer 58

masseter

Question 59

synergist muscle for jaw closure

Answer 59

temporalis

Question 60

prime mover for forehead flexion

Answer 60

sternocleidomastoid

Question 61

This muscle's name means "straight muscle of the abdomen"

Answer 61

rectus abdominus

Question 62

prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction

Answer 62

pectoralis major

Question 63

prime mover for shoulder abduction

Answer 63

deltoid

Question 64

part of the abdominal girdle; forms the external lateral walls of the abdomen

Answer 64

external oblique

Question 65

acting alone, each muscle of this pair turns the head toward the opposite shoulder

Answer 65

sternocleidomastoid

Question 66

two muscle pairs that help form the natural abdominal girdle

Answer 66

internal and external oblique

Question 67

muscle that allows you to shrug your shoulders or extend your head

Answer 67

trapezius

Question 68

muscle that adducts the shoulder and causes extension of the shoulder joint

Answer 68

latissimus dorsi

Question 69

shoulder muscle that is the antagonist of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 69

deltoid

Question 70

large paired superficial muscle of the lower back

Answer 70

latissimus dorsi

Question 71

hip flexor

Answer 71

iliopsoas

Question 72

used to extend the hip when climbing

Answer 72

gluteus maximus

Question 73

"toe dancers" muscle

Answer 73

gastrocnemius

Question 74

inverts and dorsiflexes the foot

Answer 74

tibialis anterior

Question 75

muscle group that allows you to draw your legs to the midline of your body

Answer 75

adductors

Question 76

muscle group that extends the knee

Answer 76

quadriceps

Question 77

muscle group that extends the thigh and flexes the knee

Answer 77

hamstrings

Question 78

smaller hip muscle commonly used as an injection site

Answer 78

gluteus medius

Question 79

strap-like muscle that is a weak thigh flexor; the "tailor's muscle"

Answer 79

sartorius

Question 80

like the two-bellied muscle that lies over it, this muscle is a plantar flexor

Answer 80

soleus

Question 81

wrist flexor that follows the ulna

Answer 81

flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 82

muscle that allow you to bend the elbow

Answer 82

biceps brachii

Question 83

muscle that extends the elbow

Answer 83

triceps brachii

Question 84

powerful shoulder adductor, used to raise the arm overhead

Answer 84

deltoid