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Human Physiology > Nervous system: Structure > Flashcards

Nervous system: Structure Flashcards

1
Q

cell body of neurone

A

contains nucleus and ribosomes

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2
Q

dendrites

A

receive inputs

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3
Q

dendritic spines

A

knob-like outgrowths
increase surface area
contain ribosomes

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4
Q

axon

A

long process extending from cell body (soma)
transmits outputs to target cells

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5
Q

initial segment

A

trigger zone for action potentials

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6
Q

axon collateral

A

signal can go sideways

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7
Q

axon terminal

A

end of branch

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8
Q

varicosities

A

bulging areas where signals can be released
contain neurotransmitters and mitochondria

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9
Q

what is myelin made by in the CNS vs in the PNS

A

oligodendrocytes vs schwann cells

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10
Q

types of axonal transport

A

anterograde and retrograde
use microtubules as tracks and motor proteins and transport vehicles

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11
Q

anterograde transport

A

from cell body to axon terminal
via kinesins (motor protein)
nutrients, vesicles containing neurotransmitters

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12
Q

retrograde transport

A

axon terminals to cell body
dyneins (motor protein)
recycled membrane vesicles, growth factors

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13
Q

3 functional classes of neurones

A

afferent
efferent
interneurones

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14
Q

afferent neurones

A

convey info from tissues/organs TOWARDS CNS

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15
Q

efferent neurones

A

convey information AWAY from CNS towards effectors

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16
Q

interneurones

A

convey information within CNS
most neurones

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17
Q

nerves

A

groups of efferent and afferent neurones together with connective tissue and blood vessels
(A group of many axons traveling together to and from the same
general location in the peripheral nervous system)
NO NERVES IN CNS

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18
Q

glial cells

A

make up most of CNS
surround the soma, axon, dendrites and provide physical and metabolic support

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19
Q

astrocyte

A

glial cells
remove excess potassium (K⁺) ions and neurotransmitters to maintain the ionic balance.
stimulate endothelial cells of capillaries to form tight junctions, which make up the blood-brain barrier. This barrier controls what substances can enter the brain from the bloodstream, ensuring a stable environment for neurons.

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20
Q

microglial cells

A

glial cells
specialised
similar to macrophages in that they remove pathogens and dead/damaged neurones

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21
Q

ependymal cells

A

glial cells
fluid filled cavities
regulate flow of cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

pathway/tract

A

group of axons travelling together in the CNS

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23
Q

commissure

A

group of axons
links the right and left
halves of the CNS:

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24
Q

ganglia

A

The cell bodies of
neurons with similar
functions in the PNS

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25
Q

nuclei

A

The cell bodies of
neurons with similar
functions in the CNS

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26
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

four interconnected cavities which are
filled with cerebrospinal fluid in brain

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27
Q

cerebrum

A

consists of left and right cerebral hemispheres
larger component of forebrain

28
Q

diencephalon

A

central core of forebrain
contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

29
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer shell of grey matter
part of cerebral hemispheres
folded to increase surface area for cortical neurones

30
Q

inner cerebral cortex

A

layer of white matter
mainly myelinated fibre tracts

31
Q

lobes of cerebrum/cerebral cortex

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

32
Q

cells of the cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal cells (major output/excitation)
non pyramidal cells (major input cells, receive signals)

33
Q

grey matter

A

contains subcortical nuclei
basal nuclei have an important role in controlling movement/posture
contains interneurons, cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, entering axons of afferent neurons, glial cells

34
Q

corpus callosum

A

Each cortex area is separated by a deep
longitudinal division, but are connected by a
massive bundle of nerve fibers

35
Q

gyri

A

folding of brain, ridges

36
Q

sulci

A

grooves in brain

37
Q

how is the cerebral cortex the integrating area of the nervous system

A

basic afferent information is processed into
meaningful perceptual images
control over the systems that govern the movement
of the skeletal muscles is refined.

38
Q

thalamus

A

a collection of several large nuclei- role in general arousal- controlling movement/posture- focusing attention

39
Q

hypothalamus

A

only 1% of brain mass- homeostatic regulation of internal
environment
neural and endocrine coordination
controls:–Behaviours having to do with preservation of the individual (e.g. eating and drinking) –Behaviours to do with preservation of the species (e.g. reproduction)

40
Q

epithalamus

A

controls biological rhythms
(via pineal gland which produces melatonin)

41
Q

pituitary gland

A

connected to hypothalamus which regulates it
controls several other hormone
glands in your body, including the thyroid and adrenals, the ovaries and testicles

42
Q

cerebellum

A

center for coordinating involuntary movements and for controlling posture and balance. receives information from the
muscles and joints, skin, eyes and
ears and the parts of the brain
involved in control of movement

43
Q

brainstem

A

contains midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
receives and integrates input from all regions of the central nervous
system and is involved with-motor functions-cardiovascular, respiratory control, swallowing-regulates sleep, wakefulness and attention, eye movement

44
Q

bone that protects CNS vs PNS

A

cranium (skull) vs vertebrae

45
Q

membranes protecting CNS and PNS

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

46
Q

role of membranes surrounding CNS and PNS

A

Cover and protect the CNS
Protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses
Contain cerebrospinal fluid
Form partitions in the skull

47
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects and cushions
the structures (made by the
choroid plexus)

48
Q

blood brain barrier

A

a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain. endothelial cells surround capillaries tightly joined by tight junctions.
Capillaries are the least permeable in the body: a very selective barrier.

49
Q

white matter

A

surrounds grey matter and is made up on myelinated axons

50
Q

how do afferent fibres arrive at the spinal cord

A

from peripheral nerves
enter via dorsal roots

51
Q

how do efferent fibres exit the spinal cord

A

via ventral roots

52
Q

spinal cord

A

cylinder of soft tissue

53
Q

dorsal horn

A

grey matter projecting towards back of body

54
Q

ventral horns

A

grey matter orientated towards front of body

55
Q

nerves making up PNS

A

43 pairs of nerves in total
12 of which are cranial nerves
31 are spinal nerves

56
Q

categories of spinal nerves (5)

A

cervical: control muscles, glands. sensory input to neck, shoulders, arms, hands
thoracic: associated with the chest and upper abdomen
lumbar: associated with the lower abdomen, hips, legs
sacral: associated with the genitals, lower digestive tract
coccygeal: associated with the tail bone

57
Q

subdivisions of efferent division of PNS

A

somatic
autonomic nervous systems

58
Q

somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle
acetylcholine
nicotinic ACh receptor

59
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

smooth and cardiac muscle
glands
gastrointestinal neurones (GI tract actually controlled by enteric nervous system which is a subdivision of autonomic)

60
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest or digest
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
neurones have ganglions

61
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight
adrenergic receptors
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

62
Q

adrenal medulla

A

one set of ganglionic neurones form a gland
(inner part of the adrenal gland). Nervous
system interacting with the endocrine system
(cortisol, adrenalin, noradrenalin,…

63
Q

where do sympathetic neurones leave the CNS

A

from thoracic and lumbar regions

64
Q

where do parasympathetic neurones leave CNS

A

from brainstem and sacral region

65
Q

positioning of ganglia in sympathetic vs parasympathetic neurones

A

close to spinal cord vs close to organs being innervated

66
Q

activation pattern of SNS vs PSNS

A

SNS tends to respond as a single unit (flight or fight, everything engaged)
PSNS tends to activate specific organs

67
Q

dual innervation

A

Some tissues/organs are innervated by both SNS and PSNS
reciprocally activated

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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