Immune system-blood

Question 1

3 main types of cell in blood

Answer 1

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 2

haematocrit

Answer 2

% of blood volume that is erythrocytes

Question 3

bulk flow

Answer 3

rapid flow of blood throughout the body

Question 4

erythrocytes main facts

Answer 4

no nucleus or organelles
no division
produced in bone marrow
short life span, destroyed in spleen or liver

Question 5

breakdown product of haemoglobin

Answer 5

bilirubin
makes plasma yellow

Question 6

recipe for RBCs

Answer 6

amino acids
lipids
carbohydrates
iron
folic acid
vitamin B12

Question 7

% of iron in body

Answer 7

50% haemoglobin
25% body cells
25% bound to ferritin in liverh

Question 8

how is iron transported to bone marrow

Answer 8

transferrin-plasma iron transport protein

Question 9

normal haemoglobin levels men and women

Answer 9

14g/100ml
15.5g/100ml

Question 10

normal haematocrit for men and women

Answer 10

45%
42%

Question 11

folic acid

Answer 11

found in leafy plants, yeast, liver
needed to make thymine

Question 12

vitamin B12

Answer 12

needed by folic acid
found in animal products
absorbed in gastrointestinal tract via an intrinsic factor

Question 13

anaemia causes

Answer 13

low RBC count
low haemoglobin per RBC
both
deficiency of iron, folic acid or vitamin B12

Question 14

how are erythrocytes replaced

Answer 14

kidneys release a hormone: erythropoietin to stimulate erythropoiesis

Question 15

erythropoiesis
eg, decrease O2 to kidneys

Answer 15

kidneys secrete erythropoietin, increase in plasma erythropoietin, bone marrow increases production of erythrocytes, increase in blood haemoglobin conc, increase in blood oxygen carrying capacity and restoration of oxygen delivery

Question 16

haemostasis

Answer 16

stoppage of bleeding

Question 17

why do blood vessels constrict when they are severed

Answer 17

slows blood flow to the area
presses endothelial surfaces together inducing a stickiness to glue them together
only possible in microcirculation

Question 18

bleeding prevention

Answer 18

formation of platelet plug
blood coagulation

Question 19

platelets role in plug and clotting

Answer 19

adhere to collagen via an intermediary known as von Willebrand factor
collagen is exposed when injury to a vessel disrupts the endothelium

Question 20

platelet activation

Answer 20

platelets release ADP and serotonin to induce changes in metabolism, shape and surface protein expression on platelets

Question 21

why do platelets release actin and myosin

Answer 21

to allow contraction

Question 22

fibrinogen

Answer 22

plasma protein that builds up and supports the platelet plug

Question 23

EDTA

Answer 23

prevents blood clotting by ‘mopping up’ calcium

Question 24

Heparin

Answer 24

naturally found on endothelial cells and prevents clotting by activating a plasma protein called anti thrombin III
calcium remains in solution so cells can still function

Question 25

serum vs plasma

Answer 25

serum tube can clot and once centrifuged, there will be no clotting factors
a tube with heparin for example after centrifugation would contain plasma and clotting factors

Question 26

types of leukocytes

Answer 26

lymphocytes
monocytes
polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Question 27

types of granulocytes

Answer 27

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 28

leukocytes normal human blood amount

Answer 28

7000 per mm3 of blood

Question 29

antibodies in the blood of different blood types

Answer 29

A: anti B
B: anti A
AB: neither
O: both anti A and anti B