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Physiology > Nervous System: Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nervous System: Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins at the foramen magnum. Ends at conus medullaris at L1 vertebra

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2
Q

Dorsal (Posterior) Nerve Root

A

where axons enter, responsible for sensory functions

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3
Q

Ventral (Anterior) Nerve Root

A

where axons exit, associated with motor functions

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4
Q

posterior gray horn

A

responsible for sensory processing

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5
Q

Anterior Gray Horn

A

send out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

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6
Q

lateral gray horn

A

(only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar and sacral regions)
central component of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

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7
Q

posterior white columns (composed of)

A

composed of axon of ascending tracts

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8
Q

anterior white columns (composed of)

A

composed of many different groups of axons of both ascending and descending tracts

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9
Q

lateral white columns (function)

A

carrying motor commands down from the brain to the spinal cord to control output to the periphery

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10
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

carry sensory information up the the brain

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11
Q

Descending tracts

A

carry motor commands from the brain

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12
Q

function of the white columns

A

provides 2-way communication to and from the brain. contains spinal reflex centers

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13
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

damage to the ventral root or ventral horn cells

impulses do not reach the muscles, so theres no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles; muscles atrophy

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14
Q

spastic paralysis

A

damage to the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex
spinal neurons remain intact; muscles stimulated by reflex activity; no voluntary control of muscles

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15
Q

parasthesias

A

sensory loss

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16
Q

paralysis

A

loss of motor function

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17
Q

transection

A

total motor sensory loss in the regions inferior to the cut

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18
Q

paraplegia

A

transection between T1 and L1

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19
Q

quadriplegia

A

transection in the cervical region

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20
Q

define meninges and whats the types

A

protective covering of the brain and spinal cord

dura, arachnoid, and pia matter

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21
Q

dura matter

A

surround and supports venous sinuses

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22
Q

arachnoid matter (and 2 parts)

A

middle layer of the meninges
subarachnoid space: filled with circulating CSF
arachnoid granulations: where CSF is filtered back into the blood for drainage

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23
Q

pia matter

A

outer surface of the CNS

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24
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces CSF

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25
Q

cerebral spinal fluid (csf)

A

fluid is a clear solution with limited amount of the constituents of blood. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved into the csf

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26
Q

ganglia

A

group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery

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27
Q

DRG

A

cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery

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28
Q

cranial nerve ganglion

A

associated with the cranial nerve

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29
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

receive central input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

30
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

superior to chain ganglia

31
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

located outside of the chain but similar function

32
Q

terminal ganglia

A

receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves

regulates parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms

33
Q

plexus

A

network of fibers or vessels

34
Q

enteric plexus (gastric and esophageal)

A

network of axons and neurons in the wall of the small and large intestines

35
Q

nerves (and the parts)

A

bundle of axons in the PNS

epineurium, fascicles,perineurium, endoneurium

36
Q

cranial nerves in order

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

37
Q

olfactory

A

smell (sensory)

olfactory bulb, olfactory epithelium

38
Q

optic

A

vision (sensory)

hypothalamus/thalamus/midbrain. retina (retinal ganglion cells)

39
Q

oculomotor

A 
eye movements (motor)
oculomotor nucleus. EOMs, levator palpebrae superioris
40
Q

trochlear

A 
eye movements (motor)
trochlear nucleus. superior oblique muscle
41
Q

trigeminal

A

face (sensory and motor)

trigeminal nuclei in braisntem, trigeminal

42
Q

abducens

A 
eye movements (motoer)
abducens nucleus. Lateral rectus muscle
43
Q

facial

A

face and taste (motor)

44
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

auditory/acoustic. hearing and balance (sensory and motor)

cochlear, vestibular nuclei/cerebellum. spiral ganglion (hearing), vestibular ganglion (balance)

45
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

gag test. throat and taste (sensory and motor)
solitary, inferior salivatory nuclei, nucleus ambiguus. pharyngeal muscles, geniculate ganglion, otic ganglion (autonomic)

46
Q

vagus

A

swallow test. viscera (motor and sensory)
medulla
terminal ganglia (thoracic and upper abdominal organs like heart and small intestines)

47
Q

accessory

A

spinal accessory, head and neck (motor)
spinal accessory nucleus
neck muscles

48
Q

hypoglossal

A

toungue. lower throat (motor)
hypoglossal nucleus
muscles of the larynx and lower pharynx

49
Q

cervical plexus

A

spinal nerves from C1-C5; phrenic nerve

50
Q

brachial plexus

A

spinal nerves C4-T1

51
Q

lumbar plexus

A

femoral nerve gives rise to the saphenous nerve

52
Q

sacral plexus (+function)

A

lower lumber nerves L4 and L5 and sacral nerves S1-S4

gives rise to the sciatic nerve (combination of tibial nerve and fibular nerve)

53
Q

adaptation

A

a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

  • receptor membranes become less responsive
  • receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop
54
Q

phasic

A

(fast adapting) receptors that signal the beginning or end of a stimulus
ex: receptors for pressure touch and smell

55
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly or not at all

ex: nociceptors and most proprioeceptors

56
Q

inborn reflex

A

(intrinsic) a rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus

57
Q

learned reflex

A

(acquired) result from practice or repetition

ex: driving skills

58
Q

5 components of reflex arc

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

59
Q

receptor

A

site of stimulus

60
Q

sensory neuron

A

transmits afferent impulses to CNS

61
Q

integration center

A

either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS

62
Q

motor neuron

A

conducts efferent impulses from integration center to an effector organ

63
Q

effector

A

muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

64
Q

spinal reflexes

A

spinal somatic reflexes. integration found in the spinal cord
effectors are skeletal muscles.
important clinically to assess condition of the nervous system

65
Q

stretch reflexes

A

reciprocal inhibition occurs. 2a fibers synapse with interneurons that inhibit alpha motor neurons of antagonistic muscles
ex: patellar reflex

66
Q

patellar reflex

A

stretched muscles (quadriceps) contracts and antagonists (hamstrings relax)

67
Q

golgi tendon reflexes

A

polysynaptic reflexes. prevent damage due to excessive stretch
for smoother onset and termination of muscle contraction

68
Q

flexor reflex

A

flexor (withdrawal) reflex. initiated by a painful stimulus, causes autonomic withdrawal of threatened part
ipsilateral and polysynaptic

69
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance.
consists of ipsilateral flexor reflex and contralateral extensor reflex

70
Q

babinksi’s sign

A

stimulus: lateral aspect of the foot
response: dorsiflexion of hallux
present in infants. adults indicate motor cortex damage

Physiology (8 decks)

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