Endocrine System

Question 1

t/f The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Answer 2

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Question 3

Cushing’s Disease

Answer 3

disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and accumulation of lipid deposits on the face and neck due to hyper-secretion of cortisol. Common source is pituitary tumor that secreted cortisol of ACTH in high amounts. (moon shaped face, buffalo hump, rapid weight gain, and hair loss)

Question 4

Addison’s Disease

Answer 4

Hypo-secretion of corticosteroids, a rare disorder that causes low blood glucose levels and low blood sodium levels. Symptoms are vague: general weakness, abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting sweating, cravings for salty foods

Question 5

Acromegaly

Answer 5

Abnormal large amounts of growth hormone=excessive growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet.

Question 6

Pituitary Dwarfism

Answer 6

Abnormal low levels of growth hormone in children (growth hormone deficiency)

Question 7

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 7

condition cause by destruction or dysfunction of beta cells of the pancreas or cellular resistance to insulin that results in abnormal high blood glucose levels

Question 8

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 8

autoimmune disease: beta cells of patients with type1 do not produce insulin

Question 9

Type 2

Answer 9

Acquired and lifestyle factors (poor diet, inactivity), cells become resistant to insulin,
in response, pancreas increases insulin secretion, but over time, beta cells become exhausted

Question 10

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 10

chronic underproduction of ADH that causes chronic dehydration, not enough water is produced by kidneys. Causes: electrolyte imbalances

Question 11

Graves’ Disease

Answer 11

hyperthyroidism, autoimmune reaction which antibodies overstimulate follicle cells of the thyroid gland. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (antibody blocks receptor)

Question 12

Myxedema

Answer 12

severely advanced hypothyroidism (puffy sagging eyelids, swelling around eyes)

Question 13

Cretinism/Neonatal hypothyroidism

Answer 13

cognitive deficits, short stature and sometimes deafness and muteness in children and adults born to mothers who were iodine-deficient during pregnancy

Question 14

Down Regulation

Answer 14

presence of a significant level of a hormone circulating in the bloodstream can cause its target cells to decrease their number of receptors for that hormone and allows cells to become less active to the excessive hormone levels

Question 15

Up Regulation

Answer 15

When the level of hormone is chronically reduced, target cells engage in up-regulation to increase their number of receptors

Question 16

Organ responsible for synthesizing ANP/Atrial Netriuretic Peptide
and what is ANP

Answer 16

Heart
Increase in blood volume or pressure, cells of heart’s atrial wall stretch. In response, cells isn the atria produce and secrete ANP. Signals the kidneys to reduce sodium reabsorption-> decrease amount of water in water reabsorbed from urine filtrate & reduce blood blood volume. ANP also inhibits renin secretion and initiation of the RAAS and vasodilation.

Question 17

Hormones that regulate blood calcium

Answer 17

[Kidneys], Calcitonin (decreases) and PTH
Through the production of calcitrol from Vitamin D3, which is released in response to the secretion of Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 18

Anterior Pituitary hormones

Answer 18

Growth Hormone, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin,
Gonadotropins: FSH Stimulates gamete production
LH Stimulates androgen production by gonads
GnRH - Puberty, regulates function of gonads

Question 19

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Answer 19

ADH- Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys

Oxytocin- Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

Question 20

Thyroid Hormones

Answer 20

T4 and T3 Stimulate basal metabolic rate

Calcitonin - reduces blood calcium levels

Question 21

Parathyroid hormones

Answer 21

Parathyroid Hormone - Increases blood calcium levels

Question 22

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 22

Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone-Increase blood glucose levels
Aldosterone-Increases blood sodium levels

Question 23

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Answer 23

Epinephrine, NE Epinephrine, NE - Stimulate fight or flight response

Question 24

Pineal Gland Hormones

Answer 24

Melatonin - regulates sleep cycle

Question 25

Pancreas Hormones

Answer 25

Insulin - reduces BG levels

Glucagon - Increases BG levels

Question 26

Testes hormone

Answer 26

Testosterone - Stimulated development of male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production

Question 27

Ovaries Hormones

Answer 27

Estrogens and Progesterone - Stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics and prepare body for childbirth

Question 28

Difference between Anterior and Posterior Pituitary

Answer 28

Anterior produces hormones. Posterior only stores and secretes hormones

Question 29

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 29

[Zona Glomerulosa of the Adrenal Cortex] effects on minerals like sodium and potassium essential for fluid and electrolyte balance. Ex) Aldosterone

Question 30

Glucocorticoids

Answer 30

[Zona Fasciculata of Adrenal Cortex] role is glucose metabolism

Question 31

Aldosterone

Answer 31

regulation of the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in urine sweat and saliva, and is the key component to RAAS: kidneys that secrete enzyme renin in response to low blood volume or low BP.

Question 32

Glucagon

Answer 32

Increase blood glucose levels, stimulates liver to convert glycogen->glucose [glycogenolysis] and takes up amino acids and convert ->glucose [glyconeogenesis], breaks down triglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol [lipolysis]

Question 33

Insulin

Answer 33

lowers blood glucose levels. doesn’t need insulin (no insulin receptors): RBC, Bram cells, liver, kidneys, and lining of small intestines.

Question 34

Cortisol

Answer 34

role in glucose metabolism. Cortisol promotes the catabolism of glycogen to glucose, triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol, and catabolism of muscle proteins into amine acids
Neurohypophysis/Posterior lobe of pituitary-Cradled within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone of the skulls and a glandular tissue that develops from the primitive digestive tract

Question 35

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 35

secretes steroid hormones important for regulation of he long-term response, BP and blood volume, nutrient uptake, fluid and electrolyte balance, and inflammation

Question 36

Alpha cells

Answer 36

produces glucagon->liver->increase BG levels. Important for blood glucose regulation, low BG levels stimulate its release

Question 37

Beta Cells

Answer 37

produces insulin->reduces glucose cell uptake. High BG levels stimulate its release

Question 38

Pancreatic Islets

Answer 38

Clusters of cells->islets of Langerhans. Secretes hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide