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Anatomy And Physiology > Nervous System - Sensation > Flashcards

Nervous System - Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

The conscious or subconscious awareness of changes external and internal environment.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Name the five special senses.

A

Taste, Hearing, Vision, Smell, Equilibrium

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3
Q

Name the two general senses.

A

Somatic and Visceral

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4
Q

List the four classifications of somatic sensations.

A

Tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive.

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5
Q

Conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation

A

Perception

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6
Q

True or false - any given sensory neuron carries only one type of sensation

A

True

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7
Q

A decrease in the strength of a sensation during a prolonged stimulus - characteristic of most sensory receptors

A

Adaptation

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8
Q

Adapt very quickly - specialized for signaling changes in stimuli

A

Rapidly adapting receptors (phasic receptors)

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9
Q

Adapt slowly and continue to trigger impulses as long as there is a stimulus

A

Slowly adapting receptors (tonic receptors)

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10
Q

List the three structural classifications for sensory receptors.

A

Free nerve endings
Encapsulated nerve endings
Separate cells

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11
Q

Simplest sensory receptor - bare dendrite that lacks structure specialization

A

Free nerve endings

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12
Q

Dendrites of these sensory receptors are covered with connective tissue with a distinct microscopic structure

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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13
Q

Specialized cells that synapse with sensory neurons.

A

Separate cells

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14
Q

List the six functional classifications for sensory receptors.

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nocireceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
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15
Q

Classification of sensations that arise from stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

Somatic senses

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16
Q

List the four types of touch receptors.

A 
Located in the skin or subcutaneous layer
Meissner corpuscles 
Hair root plexuses
Merkel discs
Ruffini corpuscles
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17
Q

What is another term for Merkel discs?

A

Type I subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

What is another term for Ruffini corpuscles?

A

Type II subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

Which touch receptors are rapidly adapting?

A

Meissner corpuscles

Hair root plexuses

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20
Q

Which touch receptors are slowly adapting?

A

Merkel discs

Ruffini corpuscles

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21
Q

Which receptors are responsible for pressure?

A

Merkel discs
Ruffini corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscle - rapidly adapting

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22
Q

What is another term for pacinian corpuscles?

A

Lamellated corpuscle

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23
Q

This sensation results from rapidly repetitive signals form tactile receptors

A

Vibration

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24
Q

Which receptor detects high frequency vibration?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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25
Q

Which receptor detects lower frequency vibration?

A

Meissner corpuscles

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26
Q

This sensation is caused by stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals often in response to inflammation

A

Itch

27
Q

This sensory receptor is a free nerve ending and rapidly adapting, however can continue to produce nerve impulses throughout a prolonged stimulus

A

Thermoreceptor

28
Q

List the two types of thermoreceptors, their locations, and their ranges.

A

Cold receptor - 50-105 - located in the epidermis

Warm receptor - 90-118 - located in the dermis

29
Q

Which receptors are stimulated above 118 degrees and below 50 degrees?

A

Nocireceptors

30
Q

In which part of the body are there no nocireceptors?

A

Brain

31
Q

This type of pain is very rapidly perceived; it is acute and sharp. It is not felt in deeper tissues and is precisely localized

A

Fast pain

32
Q

This type of pain is slow to be perceived, sometimes takes a few moments to come on and will gradually increase in intensity. Can be described as chronic, aching, or throbbing. Mostly deep or visceral.

A

Slow pain

33
Q

Pain felt in areas removed from a stimulus, along the same dermatome

A

Referred pain

34
Q

Which sensation allows us to know the location of our body within space, without having to see?

A

Proprioceptive sensations

35
Q

What is the perception of body movements?

A

Kinesthesia

36
Q

Are proprioceptors rapid or slow receptors?

A

Slow receptors

37
Q

What science deals with the eye and its disorders?

A

Ophthalmology

38
Q

Which science deals with the ear, nose, and throat and their disorders?

A

Otorhinolaryngology

39
Q

Describe the composition of the olfactory epithelium.

A

Contains the olfactory receptors, supporting cells, basal stem cells, and olfactory glands.

40
Q

What is the job of the olfactory glands?

A

Produce mucus to serve as lubricant and solvent for odorants

41
Q

These stem cells are located between the bases of supporting cells and continually undergo cell division for creation of new olfactory receptors

A

Basal stem cells

42
Q

Which type of epithelial cells are the support cells within the olfactory epithelium?

A

Columnar epithelium

43
Q

How many primary odors exist?

A

Hundreds

44
Q

How many odors can the brain detect?

A

Ten thousand (combinations of primary odors)

45
Q

By how much do olfactory receptors adapt in the first few seconds?

A

50%

46
Q

Describe the olfactory nerve?

A

Cranial nerve one
Sensory nerve
about 40 bundles of unmyelinated axons that extend through about 20 holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

47
Q

These paired masses of gray matter are located below the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. This is the location of synapse of first and second order neurons.

A

Olfactory bulbs

48
Q

This structure is a second order neuron leaving the olfactory bulb projecting to the primary olfactory area, the limbic system, and hypothalamus

A

Olfactory tract

49
Q

Where does conscious awareness of smell begin within the temporal lobe?

A

Primary olfactory area

50
Q

What is gustation?

A

Taste

51
Q

What are the five tastes?

A 
Sour
Sweet
Bitter
Salty
Umami
52
Q

Flavors are the combinations of which factors?

A

Taste, olfactory, and tactile sensations

53
Q

What are the three types of papillae?

A

Vallate papillae - form a v shaped row at the back of the tongue
Fungiform papillae - mushroom shaped
Filiform papillae - on the entire surface - touch receptors but does not contain taste buds

54
Q

A chemical that stimulates taste gustatory receptors; dissolves in saliva and enters pores resulting in an electrical signal

A

Tastant

55
Q

How long does it take to reach complete adaption to a specific taste?

A

1-5 minutes

56
Q

Which three nerves are involved in gustation?

A 
Facial Nerve (vii)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (ix)
Vagus Nerve (x)
These propogate nerve impulses to the medulla
57
Q

Describe the path of nerve impulses for gustation.

A

From the nerves, to the medulla, then to the limbic system, hypothalamus, and thalamus. From the thalamus to the primary gustatory area - parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

58
Q

What percentage of the body’s sensory receptors are located in the eye?

A

More than half

59
Q

List the accessory structures of the eye.

A 
Eyebrows
Eyelashes
Eyelids
Extrinsic muscles
Lacrimal apparatus
60
Q

List the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

A

Lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

61
Q

Describe the structure of the lacrimal apparatus.

A

Lacrimal glands
Lacrimal canals
Nasolacrimal duct
Lysozyme

62
Q

What is the outer coat of the eyeball, and what does it contain?

A

The fibrous tunic contains the anterior cornea and the posterior sclera. The conjuctiva covers the sclera and lines the inner surgace of the eyelids

63
Q

What is the middle coat of the eyeball, and what does it contain?

A

The vascular tunic contains

Anatomy And Physiology (14 decks)

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