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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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1
Q

Chemistry

A

Science of structure and interactions of matter

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2
Q

Which elements comprise 96% of the body?

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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3
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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4
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Ions

A

An atom that gives up or gains electrons and results in a positive or negative charge

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6
Q

Molecule

A

Substance that consists of two or more chemically combined atoms

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7
Q

Compound

A

Substance containing atoms of two or more elements.

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8
Q

Free radical

A

Destructive ion or molecule that has an unpaired electron

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9
Q

Ionic bond

A

A bond created when outer electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating two ions with opposite charges that attract them to form a bond.

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10
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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11
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

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12
Q

Covalent bond

A

A bond in which two or more pairs of outer electrons are shared between two atoms.

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bonds formed between hydrogen and other atoms. They form links between water molecules and large ole cults such as proteins and DNA, adding strength and stability

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14
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

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15
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored by matter due to its position

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16
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of matter in motion

17
Q

Chemical energy

A

Form of potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

18
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form larger molecules

19
Q

Decomposition

A

A molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.

20
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Combination synthesis and decomposition reactions

21
Q

Reversible reactions

A

Reactions that can proceed in both directions under different conditions

22
Q

Inorganic compound

A 
Structurally simple and lack carbon
Held together by covalent/ionic bonds 
Water
Salts
Acids
Bases
23
Q

Organic compounds

A 
Always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid
ATP
24
Q

Buffer systems

A

Help maintain pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

25
Q

Water

A 
Excellent solvent 
Participate in chemical reactions
Absorbs and releases heat very slowly
Requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas
Serves as a lubricant
26
Q

Acid

A

Substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

27
Q

Base

A

Substance that dissociates into hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

28
Q

Salt

A

When dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is hydrogen ion or hydroxide.

29
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

One atom does not attract shares electrons more than the other

30
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

One atom attracts an electron more strongly than another

31
Q

Ideal pH

A

Blood: 7.34 and 7.45 - slightly more basic than water

32
Q

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system

A

Bicarbonate ion acts as a weak base

Carbonic acid acts as a weak acid

33
Q

Carbs

A

Organic compound
Sugar/glycogen/starches/cellulose
Hydrogen to oxygen ratio 1:2:1
(ex c6h12o6)

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

34
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Source of chemical energy for generating ATP

Ribose and deoxyribose make RNA/DNA

35
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharide joined by covalent bond

36
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Process by which saccharides are joined to form disaccharides
- a molecule of water is formed and removed

37
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process by which a disaccharide is split into monosaccharides by adding water

38
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Chain of tens to hundreds of monosaccharides
Glycogen is the main polysaccharide
Starches: glucose units - mainly plants
Cellulose: fiber from plants

39
Q

Lipids

A

Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen but ratios of hydrogen to oxygen are much lower than in carbs, resulting in fewer polar covalent bonds, thus hydrophobic

Triglycerides 
Phospholipids
Steroids
Fatty acids
Fat-soluble vitamins (a,d,e,k)
40
Q

Triglycerides

A

Solid or liquid

Contains 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule (one fatty acid to each carbon in the glycerol)

41
Q

How many different elements are normally present in the body?

A

26

Anatomy And Physiology (14 decks)

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